Abstract
Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils due to human production activities—mining, fossil fuel combustion, and application of chemical fertilizers/pesticides—results in severe environmental pollution. As the transmission of heavy metals through the food chain and their accumulation pose a serious risk to human health and safety, there has been increasing attention in the investigation of heavy metal pollution and search for effective soil remediation technologies. Here, we summarized and discussed the basic principles, strengths and weaknesses, and limitations of common standalone approaches such as those based on physics, chemistry, and biology, emphasizing their incompatibility with large-scale applications. Moreover, we explained the effects, advantages, and disadvantages of the combinations of common single repair approaches. We highlighted the latest research advances and prospects in phytoremediation-chemical, phytoremediation-microbe, and phytoremediation-genetic engineering combined with remediation approaches by changing metal availability, improving plant tolerance, promoting plant growth, improving phytoextraction and phytostabilization, etc. We then explained the improved safety and applicability of phytoremediation combined with other repair approaches compared to common standalone approaches. Finally, we established a prospective research direction of phytoremediation combined with multi-technology repair strategy.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbaslou H, Bakhtiari S, Hashemi SS (2018) Rehabilitation of iron ore mine soil contaminated with heavy metals using rosemary phytoremediation-assisted mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi bioaugmentation and fibrous clay mineral immobilization. Iran J Sci Technol A 42:431–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-018-0543-7
Abdu N, Abdullahi AA, Abdulkadir A (2017) Heavy metals and soil microbes. Environ Chem Lett 15:65–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0587-x
Acosta JA, Abbaspour A, Martínez GR, Martínez-Martínez S, Zornoza R, Gabarrón M, Faz A (2018) Phytoremediation of mine tailings with Atriplex halimus and organic/inorganic amendments: a five-year field case study. Chemosphere 204:71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.027
Ahmad I, Akhtar MJ, Asghar HN, Ghafoor U, Shahid M (2015) Differential effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on maize growth and cadmium uptake. J Plant Growth Regul 35:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-015-9534-5
Ahsan MT, Najam-Ul-Haq M, Idrees M, Ullah I, Afzal M (2017) Bacterial endophytes enhance phytostabilization in soils contaminated with uranium and lead. Int J Phytoremediat 19:937–946. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1303813
Ai S, Guo R, Liu B, Ren L, Naeem S, Zhang W, Zhang Y (2016) A field study on the dynamic uptake and transfer of heavy metals in Chinese cabbage and radish in weak alkaline soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:20719–20727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7277-x
Akhtar MJ et al (2018) Nickel phytoextraction through bacterial inoculation in Raphanus sativus. Chemosphere 190:234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.136
Andra SS, Rupali D, Dibyendu S, Saminathan SKM, Mullens CP, Bach SBH (2009) Analysis of phytochelatin complexes in the lead tolerant vetiver grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)] using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Environ Pollut 157:2173–2183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.014
Armendariz AL, Talano MA, Olmos Nicotra MF, Escudero L, Breser ML, Porporatto C, Agostini E (2019) Impact of double inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109 and Azospirillum brasilense Az39 on soybean plants grown under arsenic stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 138:26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.02.018
Ashraf MA, Hussain I, Rasheed R, Iqbal M, Riaz M, Arif MS (2017) Advances in microbe-assisted reclamation of heavy metal contaminated soils over the last decade: a review. J Environ Manag 198:132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.060
Audet P, Charest C (2009) Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to in vitro root metal uptake: from trace to toxic metal conditions. This paper is one of the papers presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Plant Physiologists (CSPP) held at the University of Ottawa, Ontario, in June 2008. Other papers from this meeting are presented in the July 2009 Special Issue of Botany Botany 87:913-921. https://doi.org/10.1139/b09-062
Ayangbenro A, Babalola O (2018) Metal(loid) bioremediation: strategies employed by microbial polymers. Sustainability 10:3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093028
Babu AG, Shea PJ, Sudhakar D, Jung IB, Oh BT (2015) Potential use of Pseudomonas koreensis AGB-1 in association with Miscanthus sinensis to remediate heavy metal(loid)-contaminated mining site soil. J Environ Manag 151:160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.045
Bae J, Benoit DL, Watson AK (2016) Effect of heavy metals on seed germination and seedling growth of common ragweed and roadside ground cover legumes. Environ Pollut 213:112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.041
Boechat CL, Giovanella P, Amorim MB, de Sa EL, de Oliveira Camargo FA (2017) Metal-resistant rhizobacteria isolates improve Mucuna deeringiana phytoextraction capacity in multi-metal contaminated soils from a gold mining area. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24:3063–3073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8103-1
Boechat CL, Quadros PDD, Giovanella P, Brito ACC, Carlos FS, Sá El SD, Camargo FADO (2018) Metal-resistant rhizobacteria change soluble-exchangeable fraction in multi-metal-contaminated soil samples. Rev Bras Ciênc Solo 42. https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170266
Boostani HR, Hardie AG, Najafi-Ghiri M, Khalili D (2017) Investigation of cadmium immobilization in a contaminated calcareous soil as influenced by biochars and natural zeolite application. Int J Environ Sci Technol 15:2433–2446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1544-3
Brunetti G et al (2018) Remediation of a heavy metals contaminated soil using mycorrhized and non-mycorrhized Helichrysum italicum (Roth). Don Land Degrad Dev 29:91–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2842
Brunner I, Luster J, Gunthardt-Goerg MS, Frey B (2008) Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilisation potential of tree fine roots in a contaminated soil. Environ Pollut 152:559–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.07.006
Busby RR, Douglas TA, LeMonte JJ, Ringelberg DB, Indest KJ (2019) Metal accumulation capacity in indigenous Alaska vegetation growing on military training lands. Int J Phytoremediat 22:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1658708
Cantrell KB, Hunt PG, Uchimiya M, Novak JM, Ro KS (2012) Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Bioresource Technol 107:419–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.084
Cao CY, Liang CH, Yin Y, Du LY (2017) Thermal activation of serpentine for adsorption of cadmium. J Hazard Mater 329:222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.042
Cao ZZ, Qin ML, Lin XY, Zhu ZW, Chen MX (2018) Sulfur supply reduces cadmium uptake and translocation in rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) by enhancing iron plaque formation, cadmium chelation and vacuolar sequestration. Environ Pollut 238:76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.083
Cao C-Y, Wang M, Song Z-G, Wan X, Zhao S (2019) In situ immobilization of zinc polluted soil using thermal-activated serpentine. Arch Agron Soil Sci:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1650917
Cappuyns V, Bouckenooghe D, van Breuseghem L, van Herreweghe S (2011) Can thermal soil remediation be sustainable? A case study of the environmental merit of the remediation of a site contaminated by a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). J Integr Environ Sci 8:103–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2011.564187
Chamba I, Rosado D, Kalinhoff C, Thangaswamy S, Sanchez-Rodriguez A, Gazquez MJ (2017) Erato polymnioides—a novel Hg hyperaccumulator plant in ecuadorian rainforest acid soils with potential of microbe-associated phytoremediation. Chemosphere 188:633–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.160
Chang Q, Diao FW, Wang QF, Pan L, Dang ZH, Guo W (2018) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on growth, nutrient and metal uptake by maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) grown in soils spiked with lanthanum and cadmium. Environ Pollut 241:607–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.003
Chang C, Yin R, Zhang H, Yao L (2019) Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil-rice system in a typical seleniferous area in central China. Environ Toxicol Chem 38:1577–1584. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4443
Chen YX et al (2003) The role of citric acid on the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. Chemosphere 50:807–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00223-0
Chen L, Luo S, Li X, Wan Y, Chen J, Liu C (2014) Interaction of cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and functional endophyte Pseudomonas sp. Lk9 on soil heavy metals uptake. Soil Biol Biochem 68:300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.021
Chen Y, Shen X, Peng H, Hu H, Wang W, Zhang X (2015) Comparative genomic analysis and phenazine production of Pseudomonas chlororaphis, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. Genomics Data 4:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gdata.2015.01.006
Chen Y, Yang W, Chao Y, Wang S, Tang YT, Qiu RL (2017) Metal-tolerant Enterobacter sp. strain EG16 enhanced phytoremediation using Hibiscus cannabinus via siderophore-mediated plant growth promotion under metal contamination. Plant Soil 413:203–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3091-y
Chen H et al (2019) Enhanced Pb immobilization via the combination of biochar and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Environ Int 127:395–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.068
Chirakkara RA, Reddy KR, Cameselle C (2015) Electrokinetic amendment in phytoremediation of mixed contaminated soil. Electrochim Acta 181:179–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.025
Cocozza C et al (2015) Challenging synergistic activity of poplar-bacteria association for the Cd phytostabilization. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:19546–19561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5097-z
Coninx L, Martinova V, Rineau F (2017) Mycorrhiza-assisted phytoremediation. Adv Bot Res 83:127–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.abr.2016.12.005
Cuello S, Ramos S, Madrid Y, Luque-Garcia JL, Cámara C (2012) Differential protein expression of hepatic cells associated with MeHg exposure: deepening into the molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Anal Bioanal Chem 404:315–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6042-3
Daisei U et al (2011) Elevated expression of TcHMA3 plays a key role in the extreme Cd tolerance in a Cd-hyperaccumulating ecotype of Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant J 66:852–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04548.x
De Silva N, Cholewa E, Ryser P (2012) Effects of combined drought and heavy metal stresses on xylem structure and hydraulic conductivity in red maple (Acer rubrum L). J Exp Bot 63:5957–5966. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers241
Deng Z, Cao L (2017) Fungal endophytes and their interactions with plants in phytoremediation: a review. Chemosphere 168:1100–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.097
Deng Z et al (2014) Enhanced phytoremediation of multi-metal contaminated soils by interspecific fusion between the protoplasts of endophytic Mucor sp. CBRF59 and Fusarium sp. CBRF14. Soil Biol Biochem 77:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.06.005
Deng L et al (2015) Response of rhizosphere microbial community structure and diversity to heavy metal co-pollution in arable soil. Appl Microbiol Biot 99:8259–8269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6662-6
Deram A, Languereau F, Haluwyn CV (2011) Mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal colonization in Arrhenatherum elatius L. roots according to the soil contamination in heavy metals. J Soil Contam 20:114–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2011.528470
Ding D, Song X, Wei C, LaChance J (2019) A review on the sustainability of thermal treatment for contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 253:449–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.118
Dixon JB, Weed SB (1989) Kaolin and serpentine group minerals minerals in soil environments
Duan G, Kamiya T, Ishikawa S, Arao T, Fujiwara T (2012) Expressing ScACR3 in rice enhanced arsenite efflux and reduced arsenic accumulation in rice grains. Plant Cell Physiol 53:154–163. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcr161
El-Meihy RM, Abou-Aly HE, Youssef AM, Tewfike TA, El-Alkshar EA (2019) Efficiency of heavy metals-tolerant plant growth promoting bacteria for alleviating heavy metals toxicity on sorghum. Environ Exp Bot 162:295–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.03.005
Etesami H (2018) Bacterial mediated alleviation of heavy metal stress and decreased accumulation of metals in plant tissues: mechanisms and future prospects. Ecotox Environ Safe 147:175–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.032
Fan M et al (2018) Enhanced phytoremdiation of Robinia pseudoacacia in heavy metal-contaminated soils with rhizobia and the associated bacterial community structure and function. Chemosphere 197:729–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.102
Fasani E, Manara A, Martini F, Furini A, DalCorso G (2018) The potential of genetic engineering of plants for the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Plant Cell Environ 41:1201–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12963
Fergusson JE (1990) Heavy elements: chemistry, environmental impact and health effects Metais Pesados 69
Fernandez-Fuego D, Bertrand A, Gonzalez A (2017) Metal accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in mycorrhizal Betula pubescens. Environ Pollut 231:1153–1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.072
Ferrol N, Tamayo E, Vargas P (2016) The heavy metal paradox in arbuscular mycorrhizas: from mechanisms to biotechnological applications. J Exp Bot 67:6253–6265. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw403
Figueroa A, Cameselle C, Gouveia S, Hansen HK (2016) Electrokinetic treatment of an agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 51:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2016.1170425
Frick H, Tardif S, Kandeler E, Holm PE, Brandt KK (2018) Assessment of biochar and zero-valent iron for in-situ remediation of chromated copper arsenate contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 655:414–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.193
Giller KE, Witter E, Mc Grath SP (2009) Heavy metals and soil microbes. Soil Biol Biochem 41:2031–2037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.04.026
González-Pérez JA, González-Vila FJ, Almendros G, Knicker H (2004) The effect of fire on soil organic matter—a review. Environ Int 30:855–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.003
Gray CW, Dunham SJ, Dennis PG, Zhao FJ, Mc Grath SP (2006) Field evaluation of in situ remediation of a heavy metal contaminated soil using lime and red-mud. Environ Pollut 142:530–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.017
Greger M, Kabir AH, Landberg T, Maity PJ, Lindberg S (2016) Silicate reduces cadmium uptake into cells of wheat. Environ Pollut 211:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.027
Guo S, Fan R, Li T, Hartog N, Li F, Yang X (2014) Synergistic effects of bioremediation and electrokinetics in the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Chemosphere 109:226–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.007
Hajiboland R, Amirazad F (2010) Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant defense system in Zn-deficient red cabbage plants. Plant Soil Environ 56:209–217. https://doi.org/10.17221/207/2009-PSE
Hansda A, Kumar V, Anshumali (2017) Cu-resistant Kocuria sp. CRB15: a potential PGPR isolated from the dry tailing of Rakha copper mine. Biotech 7:132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0757-y
Hashimoto Y, Kanke Y (2018) Redox changes in speciation and solubility of arsenic in paddy soils as affected by sulfur concentrations. Environ Pollut 238:617–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.039
Hassan W, Bano R, Bashir F, David J (2014) Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria in promotion of maize ( Zea mays L.) growth under lead pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:10983–10996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3083-5
He Z, Yan H, Chen Y, Shen H, Xu W, Zhang H, Shi L, Zhu YG, Ma M (2016) An aquaporin PvTIP4;1 from Pteris vittata may mediate arsenite uptake. New Phytol 209:746–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13637
He L, Zhong H, Liu G, Dai Z, Brookes PC, Xu J (2019) Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by biochar: mechanisms, potential risks and applications in China. Environ Pollut 252:846–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.151
Hong LI, Jiang L (2009) The advances on microorganism remediation of soil polluted by heavy metals Guizhou Agricultural Sciences
Hu L et al (2018) Cadmium phytoextraction potential of king grass ( Pennisetum sinese Roxb.) and responses of rhizosphere bacterial communities to a cadmium pollution gradient. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:21671
Huang L, Liu C, Liu X, Chen Z (2019) Immobilization of heavy metals in e-waste contaminated soils by combined application of biochar and phosphate fertilizer. Water Air Soil Poll 230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4081-5
Huijun Z, Liangqi W, Tuanyao C, Yuxiu Z, **juan T, Shengwen M (2012) The effects of copper, manganese and zinc on plant growth and elemental accumulation in the manganese-hyperaccumulator Phytolacca americana. J Plant Physiol 169:1243–1252
Hussain I et al (2017) Rhizoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils: improvement opportunities and field applications. Environ Exp Bot 147:202–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.12.016
Iqbal M et al (2014) Improving the phytoextraction capacity of plants to scavenge metal(loid)-contaminated sites. Environ Rev 23:44–65
Ishimaru Y, Takahashi R, Bashir K, Shimo H, Nishizawa NK (2012) Characterizing the role of rice NRAMP5 in manganese, iron and cadmium. Transport Sci Rep 2:286. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00286
Jayanthi B, Emenike CU, Agamuthu P, Simarani K, Mohamad S, Fauziah SH (2016) Selected microbial diversity of contaminated landfill soil of Peninsular Malaysia and the behavior towards heavy metal exposure. Catena 147:25–31
Jiang NJ, Liu R, Du YJ, Bi YZ (2019) Microbial induced carbonate precipitation for immobilizing Pb contaminants: toxic effects on bacterial activity and immobilization efficiency. Sci Total Environ 672:722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.294
**g R, Kjellerup BV (2018) Biogeochemical cycling of metals impacting by microbial mobilization and immobilization. J Environ Sci (China) 66:146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.035
Jiyoung P et al (2012) The phytochelatin transporters AtABCC1 and AtABCC2 mediate tolerance to cadmium and mercury. Plant J 69:278–288
Judy JD, Kirby JK, Mclaughlin MJ, McNear D Jr, Bertsch PM (2016) Symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Medicago truncatula is not significantly affected by silver and silver sulfide nanomaterials ☆. Environ Pollut 214:731–736
Kamusoko R, **gura RM (2017) Utility of jatropha for phytoremediation of heavy metals and emerging contaminants of water resources: a review Clean. Soil Air Water 45:1600437
Karimi A, Khodaverdiloo H, Rasouli-Sadaghiani MH (2018) Microbial-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated calcareous soil by centaurea cyanus l clean. Soil Air Water 46:1700665
Karl R, Danford FL, Alysha D, Marco P, Marinus P (2011) Spatiotemporal analysis of copper homeostasis in Populus trichocarpa reveals an integrated molecular remodeling for a preferential allocation of copper to plastocyanin in the chloroplasts of develo** leaves. Plant Physiol 157:1300–1312. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.183350
Khan N, Bano A (2017) Effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid and putrescine alone and in combination with rhizobacteria on the phytoremediation of heavy metals and chickpea growth in sandy soil. Int J Phytoremediat 20:0–0
Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ, Zhu YG (2008) Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Bei**g. China Environ Pollut 152:686–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.056
Khan N, Zandi P, Ali S, Mehmood A, Adnan Shahid M (2018) Impact of salicylic acid and PGPR on the drought tolerance and phytoremediation potential of helianthus annus. Front Microbiol 9:2507. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02507
Khan I et al (2019a) Mycoremediation of heavy metal (Cd and Cr)-polluted soil through indigenous metallotolerant fungal isolates. Environ Monit Assess 191:585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7769-5
Khan I, Iqbal M, Shafiq F (2019b) Phytomanagement of lead-contaminated soils: critical review of new trends and future prospects. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16:6473–6488
Kim SH, Han HY, Lee YJ, Kim CW, Yang JW (2010) Effect of electrokinetic remediation on indigenous microbial activity and community within diesel contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 408:3162–3168
Kloss S et al (2012) Characterization of slow pyrolysis biochars: effects of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties. J Environ Qual 41:990
Korashy HM, Attafi IM, Famulski KS, Bakheet SA, Hafez MM, Alsaad AMS, Al-Ghadeer ARM (2017) Gene expression profiling to identify the toxicities and potentially relevant human disease outcomes associated with environmental heavy metal exposure ☆. Environ Pollut 221:64–74
Kowalkowski T, Krakowska A, Zloch M, Hrynkiewicz K, Buszewski B (2019) Cadmium-affected synthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPS) by rhizosphere bacteria. J Appl Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14354
Kowshik M (2013) Mechanisms of metal resistance and homeostasis in haloarchaea. Archaea (2013-2-21) 2013:732864
Król Ż, Jarmoluk A (2016) The effects of using a direct electric current on the chemical properties of gelatine gels and bacterial growth. J Food Eng 170:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.08.017
Krzeslowska M et al (2016) Pectinous cell wall thickenings formation—a common defense strategy of plants to cope with Pb. Environ Pollut 214:354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.019
Kumari P, Rastogi A, Shukla A, Srivastava S, Yadav S (2018) Prospects of genetic engineering utilizing potential genes for regulating arsenic accumulation in plants. Chemosphere 211:397–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.152
Lee SH, Park H, Koo N, Hyun S, Hwang A (2011) Evaluation of the effectiveness of various amendments on trace metals stabilization by chemical and biological methods. J Hazard Mater 188:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.046
Lehmann A, Rillig MC (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to copper, manganese and iron nutrient concentrations in crops—a meta-analysis. Soil Biol Biochem 81:147–158
Li K, Ramakrishna W (2011) Effect of multiple metal resistant bacteria from contaminated lake sediments on metal accumulation and plant growth. J Hazard Mater 189:531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.075
Li ZS, Lu YP, Zhen RG, Szczypka M, ., Thiele DJ, Rea PA (1997) A new pathway for vacuolar cadmium sequestration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: YCF1-catalyzed transport of bis(glutathionato)cadmium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:42-47
Li H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Wang M, **e T, Wang G (2016a) Biochar amendment immobilizes lead in rice paddy soils and reduces its phytoavailability. Sci Rep 6:31616. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31616
Li Z, Jia M, Wu L, Christie P, Luo Y (2016b) Changes in metal availability, desorption kinetics and speciation in contaminated soils during repeated phytoextraction with the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola. Environ Pollut 209:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.015
Li H, Luo N, Li YW, Cai QY, Li HY, Mo CH, Wong MH (2017a) Cadmium in rice: transport mechanisms, influencing factors, and minimizing measures. Environ Pollut 224:622–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.087
Li S, Wang J, Gao N, Liu L, Chen Y (2017b) The effects of Pantoea sp. strain Y4-4 on alfalfa in the remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil, and auxiliary impacts of plant residues on the remediation of saline-alkali soils. Can J MicrobioL 63:278
Li J, Hashimoto Y, Riya S, Terada A, Hou H, Shibagaki Y, Hosomi M (2019) Removal and immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils by chlorination and thermal treatment on an industrial-scale. Chem Eng J 359:385–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.158
Lin YC et al (2016) Wintertime haze deterioration in Bei**g by industrial pollution deduced from trace metal fingerprints and enhanced health risk by heavy metals. Environ Pollut 208:284–293
Liu W, Wang Q, Wang B, Hou J, Luo Y, Tang C, Franks AE (2015a) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance the growth and Cd uptake of Sedum plumbizincicola in a Cd-contaminated soil. J Soils Sediment 15:1191–1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1067-9
Liu Z-F, Ge H-G, Li C, Zhao Z-P, Song F-M, Hu S-B (2015b) Enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil by plant co-crop** associated with PGPR. Water Air Soil Pollut 226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2304-y
Liu L, Lin S, Zhang W, Farooq U, Shen G, Hu S (2018) Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the degradation of sulfachloropyridazine in heat-activated persulfate oxidation process. Chem Eng J 346:515–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.068
Lopez S, Piutti S, Vallance J, Morel JL, Echevarria G, Benizri E (2017) Nickel drives bacterial community diversity in the rhizosphere of the hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale. Soil Biol Biochem 114:121–130
Lorenz N, Hintemann T, Kramarewa T, Katayama A, Yasuta T, Marschner P, Kandeler E (2006) Response of microbial activity and microbial community composition in soils to long-term arsenic and cadmium exposure. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1430–1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.10.020
Luo J, Cai L, Qi S, Wu J, Gu XS (2018) Influence of direct and alternating current electric fields on efficiency promotion and leaching risk alleviation of chelator assisted phytoremediation. Ecotox Environ Safe 149:241–247
Luo J et al (2019) Successive phytoextraction alters ammonia oxidation and associated microbial communities in heavy metal contaminated agricultural soils. Sci Total Environ 664:616–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.315
Ma F, Zhang Q, Xu D, Hou D, Li F, Gu Q (2014a) Mercury removal from contaminated soil by thermal treatment with FeCl 3 at reduced temperature. Chemosphere 117:388–393
Ma Y, Rajkumar M, Rocha I, Oliveira RS, Freitas H (2014b) Serpentine bacteria influence metal translocation and bioconcentration of Brassica juncea and Ricinus communis grown in multi-metal polluted soils. Front Plant Sci 5:757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00757
Ma F, Peng C, Hou D, Wu B, Zhang Q, Li F, Gu Q (2015) Citric acid facilitated thermal treatment: an innovative method for the remediation of mercury contaminated soil. J Hazard Mater 300:546–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.055
Mahmood-Ul-Hassan M, Suthar V, Ahmad R, Yousra M (2017) Heavy metal phytoextraction—natural and EDTA-assisted remediation of contaminated calcareous soils by sorghum and oat. Environ Monit Assess 189:591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6302-y
Manish T, Deepika S, Sanjay D, Munna S, Rudra Deo T, Prabodh Kumar T (2014) Expression in Arabidopsis and cellular localization reveal involvement of rice NRAMP, OsNRAMP1, in arsenic transport and tolerance. Plant Cell Environ 37:140–152
Meier S, Borie F, Bolan N, Cornejo P (2012) Phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 42:741–775. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.528518
Mesa-Marin J, Del-Saz NF, Rodriguez-Llorente ID, Redondo-Gomez S, Pajuelo E, Ribas-Carbo M, Mateos-Naranjo E (2018) PGPR reduce root respiration and oxidative stress enhancing Spartina maritima root growth and heavy metal rhizoaccumulation. Front Plant Sci 9:1500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01500
Miransari M (2011) Hyperaccumulators, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and stress of heavy metals Biotechnol Adv 29:645–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.006
Mnasri M, Janouskova M, Rydlova J, Abdelly C, Ghnaya T (2017) Comparison of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal effects on the heavy metal uptake of a host and a non-host plant species in contact with extraradical mycelial network. Chemosphere 171:476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.093
Moghadam MJ, Moayedi H, Sadeghi MM, Hajiannia A (2016) A review of combinations of electrokinetic applications. Environ Geochem Health 38:1217–1227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9795-3
Morton JB, Benny GL (1990) Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon 37:471–491
Muhammad D, Chen F, Zhao J, Zhang G, Wu F (2009) Comparison of EDTA- and citric acid-enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals in artificially metal contaminated soil by Typha angustifolia. Int J Phytoremediation 11:558–574
Muthusaravanan S et al (2018) Phytoremediation of heavy metals: mechanisms, methods and enhancements. Environ Chem Lett 16:1339–1359
Naeem A, Saifullah, Zia-Ur-Rehman M, Akhtar T, Zia MH, Aslam M (2018) Silicon nutrition lowers cadmium content of wheat cultivars by regulating transpiration rate and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Environ Pollut 242:126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.069
Najeeb U, Xu L, Ali S, Jilani G, Gong HJ, Shen WQ, Zhou WJ (2009) Citric acid enhances the phytoextraction of manganese and plant growth by alleviating the ultrastructural damages in Juncus effusus L. J Hazard Mater 170:1156–1163
Nayak AK, Panda SS, Basu A, Dhal NK (2018) Enhancement of toxic Cr (VI), Fe, and other heavy metals phytoremediation by the synergistic combination of native Bacillus cereus strain and Vetiveria zizanioides L. Int J Phytoremediation 20:682–691
Ndeddy Aka RJ, Babalola OO (2016) Effect of bacterial inoculation of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes feacalis and Bacillus subtilis on germination, growth and heavy metal (cd, Cr, and Ni) uptake of Brassica juncea. Int J Phytoremediation 18:200–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1073671
Nong Q, Yuan K, Li Z, Chen P, Huang Y, Hu L, Jiang J, Luan T, Chen B (2019) Bacterial resistance to lead: chemical basis and environmental relevance. J Environ Sci (China) 85:46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.022
Nunes da Silva M, Mucha AP, Rocha AC, Teixeira C, Gomes CR, Almeida CM (2014) A strategy to potentiate Cd phytoremediation by saltmarsh plants - autochthonous bioaugmentation. J Environ Manag 134:136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.004
O'Brien PL, DeSutter TM, Casey FXM, Khan E, Wick AF (2018) Thermal remediation alters soil properties—a review. J Environ Manag 206:826–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.052
Ortiz-Soto R, Leal D, Gutierrez C, Aracena A, Rojo A, Hansen HK (2019) Electrokinetic remediation of manganese and zinc in copper mine tailings. J Hazard Mater 365:905–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.048
Pallara G, Todeschini V, Lingua G, Camussi A, Racchi ML (2013) Transcript analysis of stress defence genes in a white poplar clone inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and grown on a polluted soil. Plant Physiol Biochem 63:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.11.016
Paredes-Páliz K et al (2018) Investigating the mechanisms underlying phytoprotection by plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria in Spartina densiflora under metal stress. Plant Biol 20:497
Pedersen KB, Reinardy HC, Jensen PE, Ottosen LM, Junttila J, Frantzen M (2018) The influence of Magnafloc10 on the acidic, alkaline, and electrodialytic desorption of metals from mine tailings. J Environ Manag 224:130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.050
Peng H, Gao P, Chu G, Pan B, Peng J, **ng B (2017) Enhanced adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) by phosphoric acid-modified biochars. Environ Pollut 229:846–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.004
Peter R, Sauder WR (2006) Effects of heavy-metal-contaminated soil on growth, phenology and biomass turnover of Hieracium piloselloides. Environ Pollut 140:52–61
Pinto E, Aguiar AARM, Ferreira IMPLVO (2014) Influence of soil chemistry and plant physiology in the phytoremediation of Cu, Mn, and Zn. Crit Rev Plant Sci 33:351–373
Pottier M, Garcia de la Torre VS, Victor C, David LC, Chalot M, Thomine S (2015) Genotypic variations in the dynamics of metal concentrations in poplar leaves: a field study with a perspective on phytoremediation. Environ Pollut 199:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.010
Praburaman L et al (2017) Significance of diazotrophic plant growth-promoting Herbaspirillum sp. GW103 on phytoextraction of Pband Zn by Zea mays L. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:1–9
Qi Z, Chen T, Bai S, Yan M, Li X (2013) Effect of temperature and particle size on the thermal desorption of PCBs from contaminated soil Environ. Sci Pollut Res 21:4697–4704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2392-4
Qian C, Zhan Q (2016) Bioremediation of heavy metal ions by phosphate-mineralization bacteria and its mechanism. J Chin Chem Soc 63:635–639
Rajkumar M, Ae N, Prasad MNV, Freitas H (2010) Potential of siderophore-producing bacteria for improving heavy metal phytoextraction. Trends Biotechnol 28:142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.12.002
Rangel WM et al (2017) Native rhizobia from Zn mining soil promote the growth of Leucaena leucocephala on contaminated soil. Int J Phytoremediat 19:142–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2016.1207600
Ren CG, Kong CC, Wang SX, **e ZH (2019) Enhanced phytoremediation of uranium-contaminated soils by arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobium. Chemosphere 217:773–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.085
Rezania S, Taib SM, Md Din MF, Dahalan FA, Kamyab H (2016) Comprehensive review on phytotechnology: heavy metals removal by diverse aquatic plants species from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 318:587–599
Rezvani M, Ardakani MR, Rejali F, Zaefarian F, Teimouri S, Noormohammadi G, Miransari M (2015) Uptake of heavy metals by mycorrhizal barley (Hordeum vulgare L). J Plant Nutr 38:904–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.963114
Rizwan M et al (2019) Alleviation of cadmium accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) by foliar spray of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biochar to contaminated soil. Environ Pollut 248:358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.031
Rodríguez M, Brisson J (2015) Pollutant removal efficiency of native versus exotic common reed (Phragmites australis) in North American treatment wetlands. Ecol Eng 74:364–370
Rojjanateeranaj P, Sangthong C, Prapagdee B (2017) Enhanced cadmium phytoremediation of Glycine max L. through bioaugmentation of cadmium-resistant bacteria assisted by biostimulation. Chemosphere 185:764
Rojo A, Hansen HK, Ottosen LM (2006) Electrodialytic remediation of copper mine tailings: comparing different operational conditions. Miner Eng 19:500–504
Románponce B et al (2017) Plant growth-promoting traits in rhizobacteria of heavy metal-resistant plants and their effects on Brassica nigra seed germination. Pedosphere 27:511–526
Salazar MJ, Menoyo E, Faggioli V, Geml J, Cabello M, Rodriguez JH, Marro N, Pardo A, Pignata ML, Becerra AG (2018) Pb accumulation in spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Sci Total Environ 643:238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.199
Sánchezpardo B (2012) Copper microlocalisation, ultrastructural alterations and antioxidant responses in the nodules of white lupin and soybean plants grown under conditions of copper excess. Environ Exp Bot 84:52–60
Santos ES, Abreu MM, Saraiva JA (2016) Mutielemental concentration and physiological responses of Lavandula pedunculata growing in soils developed on different mine wastes. Environ Pollut 213:43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.001
Sarwar N et al (2017) Phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals: modifications and future perspectives. Chemosphere 171:710–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.116
Schimmelpfennig S, Glaser B (2012) One step forward toward characterization: some important material properties to distinguish biochars. J Environ Qual 41:1001–1013. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0146
Schulten HR, Leinweber P (1999) Thermal stability and composition of mineral-bound organic matter in density fractions of soil. Eur J Soil Sci 50:237–248. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00241.x
Shabani L, Sabzalian MR, Pour SM (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhiza affects nickel translocation and expression of ABC transporter and metallothionein genes in Festuca arundinacea. Mycorrhiza 26:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-015-0647-2
Sharma A, Nagpal AK (2017) Soil amendments: a tool to reduce heavy metal uptake in crops for production of safe food. Rev Environ Sci Bio 17:187–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-017-9451-0
Shim D, Kim S, Choi YI, Song WY, Park J, Youk ES, Jeong SC, Martinoia E, Noh EW, Lee Y (2013) Transgenic poplar trees expressing yeast cadmium factor 1 exhibit the characteristics necessary for the phytoremediation of mine tailing soil. Chemosphere 90:1478–1486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.044
Shu R, Dang F, Zhong H (2016) Effects of incorporating differently-treated rice straw on phytoavailability of methylmercury in soil. Chemosphere 145:457–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.037
Siemianowski O, Barabasz A, Kendziorek M, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Williams LE, Antosiewicz DM (2014) HMA4 expression in tobacco reduces cd accumulation due to the induction of the apoplastic barrier. J Exp Bot 65:1125–1139. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert471
Sierra MJ, Millán R, López FA, Alguacil FJ, Cañadas I (2016) Sustainable remediation of mercury contaminated soils by thermal desorption. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:4898–4907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5688-8
Sobariu DL et al (2016) Rhizobacteria and plant symbiosis in heavy metal uptake and its implications for soil bioremediation. New Biotechnol 39:125
Soda S et al (2012) Constructed wetlands for advanced treatment of wastewater with a complex matrix from a metal-processing plant: bioconcentration and translocation factors of various metals in Acorus gramineus and Cyperus alternifolius. Ecol Eng 39:0–70
Sorvari J, Antikainen R, Kosola M-L, Hokkanen P, Haavisto T (2009) Eco-efficiency in contaminated land management in Finland—barriers and development needs. J Environ Manag 90:1715–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.002
Su M et al (2018) Cadmium stabilization via silicates formation: efficiency, reaction routes and leaching behavior of products. Environ Pollut 239:571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.035
Sun Y et al (2014) High Cd and Pb in Chinese cabbage: how to safely eat vegetables from metal-contaminated agricultural soil. Toxico Environ Chem 96:1047–1053
Sun M, **ao T, Ning Z, **ao E, Sun W (2015) Microbial community analysis in rice paddy soils irrigated by acid mine drainage contaminated water. Appl Microbiol Biot 99:2911–2922
Szuba A, Karliński L, Krzesłowska M, Hazubska-Przybył T (2017) Inoculation with a Pb-tolerant strain of Paxillus involutus improves growth and Pb tolerance of Populus × canescens under in vitro conditions Plant Soil 412:253–266
Tak HI, Ahmad F, Babalola OO (2013) Advances in the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metals. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 223:33–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5577-6_2
Takahashi R et al (2011) The OsNRAMP1 iron transporter is involved in cd accumulation in rice. J Exp Bot 62:4843–4850
Tan Z, Feng W, Ai P, **ong H (2015) Effect of different work conditions on the thermal desorption remediation model of contaminated soil. J Soil Contam 24:771–785. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2015.1028519
Tang J, Zhu W, Kookana R, Katayama A (2013) Characteristics of biochar and its application in remediation of contaminated soil. J Biosci Bioeng 116:653–659
Tao Y, Xue B, Yang Z, Yao S, Li S (2015) Effects of metals on the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the cyanobacterium. Chemosphere 119:719–726
Teng Z, Shao W, Zhang K, Huo Y, Li M (2019) Characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from heavy metal contaminated soils and their potential for lead immobilization. J Environ Manag 231:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.012
Troxler WL, Hunt JW, Taylor J, McNiven C (2010) Thermal desorption treatment of dioxin-contaminated soil at the former allied feeds site, Sydney, Australia. Environ Eng Sci 27:613–622. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2009.0423
Uraguchi S, Fujiwara T (2012) Cadmium transport and tolerance in rice: perspectives for reducing grain cadmium accumulation. Rice:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1939-8433-5-5
Wang W, Dudel EG (2017) Fe plaque-related aquatic uranium retention via rhizofiltration along a redox-state gradient in a natural Phragmites australis Trin ex Steud. wetland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:12185–12194
Wang Y, Wei Z, Zeng Q, Zhong H (2016) Amendment of sulfate with Se into soils further reduces methylmercury accumulation in rice. J Soils Sediment 16:1–8
Wang F, Sun H, Ren X, Liu Y, Zhu H, Zhang P, Ren C (2017a) Effects of humic acid and heavy metals on the sorption of polar and apolar organic pollutants onto biochars. Environ Pollut 231:229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.023
Wang L, Ji B, Hu Y, Liu R, Sun W (2017b) A review on in situ phytoremediation of mine tailings. Chemosphere 184:594–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.025
Wang N, Xue XM, Juhasz AL, Chang ZZ, Li HB (2017c) Biochar increases arsenic release from an anaerobic paddy soil due to enhanced microbial reduction of iron and arsenic. Environ Pollut 220:514–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.095
Wang ST, Dong Q, Wang ZL (2017d) Differential effects of citric acid on cadmium uptake and accumulation between tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. Ecotox Environ Safe 145:200–206
Wang T, Sun H, Ren X, Li B, Mao H (2017e) Evaluation of biochars from different stock materials as carriers of bacterial strain for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Sci Rep 7:12114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12503-3
Wang J et al (2018a) Thiosulphate-induced phytoextraction of mercury in Brassica juncea: spectroscopic investigations to define a mechanism for Hg uptake. Environ Pollut 242:986–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.065
Wang M, Zhu Y, Cheng L, Andserson B, Zhao X, Wang D, Ding A (2018b) Review on utilization of biochar for metal-contaminated soil and sediment remediation. J Environ Sci (China) 63:156–173
Wang X-H, Wang Q, Nie Z-W, He L-Y, Sheng X-F (2018c) Ralstonia eutropha Q2-8 reduces wheat plant above-ground tissue cadmium and arsenic uptake and increases the expression of the plant root cell wall organization and biosynthesis-related proteins. Environ Pollut 242:1488–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.039
Wang Q et al (2019) Promotion of the root development and Zn uptake of Sedum alfredii was achieved by an endophytic bacterium Sasm05. Ecotox Environ Safe 172:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.009
Wu J, Mock HP, Muhling KH (2018) Sulfate supply enhances cadmium tolerance in Vicia faba L. plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25:33794–33805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3266-6
Xu X, Xu M, Zhao Q, **a Y, Chen C, Shen Z (2018a) Complete genome sequence of Cd(II)-resistant Arthrobacter sp. PGP41, a plant growth-promoting bacterium with potential in microbe-assisted phytoremediation. Curr Microbiol 75:1231–1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-018-1515-z
Xu Z, Xu X, Tsang DCW, Cao X (2018b) Contrasting impacts of pre- and post-application aging of biochar on the immobilization of Cd in contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 242:1362–1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.012
Xu S, **ng Y, Liu S, Huang Q, Chen W (2019) Role of novel bacterial Raoultella sp. strain X13 in plant growth promotion and cadmium bioremediation in soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09700-7
Yang JS, Man JK, Choi J, Baek K, O’Loughlin EJ (2014) The transport behavior of as, Cu, Pb, and Zn during electrokinetic remediation of a contaminated soil using electrolyte conditioning. Chemosphere 117:79–86
Yu HY, Liu C, Zhu J, Li F, Deng DM, Wang Q, Liu C (2016) Cadmium availability in rice paddy fields from a mining area: the effects of soil properties highlighting iron fractions and pH value. Environ Pollut 209:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.021
Yu-Tuan H, Zeng-Yei H, Hsing-Cheng H (2011) Influences of thermal decontamination on mercury removal, soil properties, and repartitioning of coexisting heavy metals. Chemosphere 84:1244–1249
Zeng F, Ali S, Zhang H, Ouyang Y, Qiu B, Wu F, Zhang G (2011) The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants. Environ Pollut 159:84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.019
Zhang XH, Lin A-J, Gao Y-L, Reid RJ, Wong M-H, Zhu Y-G (2009) Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation increases copper binding capacity of root cell walls of Oryza sativa L. and reduces copper uptake. Soil Biol Biochem 41:930–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.011
Zhang G et al. (2016) Effects of biochars on the availability of heavy metals to ryegrass in an alkaline contaminated soil. Environ Pollut 218:513-51522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.031
Zhao T, Yu Z, Zhang J, Qu L, Li P (2018a) Low-thermal remediation of mercury-contaminated soil and cultivation of treated soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:1–8
Zhao X, Jiang Y, Gu X, Gu C, Taylor JA, Evans LJ (2018b) Multisurface modeling of Ni bioavailability to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in various soils. Environ Pollut 238:590–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.064
Zhong D, Zhong Z, Wu L, Xue H, Song Z, Luo Y (2015) Thermal characteristics of hyperaccumulator and fate of heavy metals during thermal treatment of Sedum plumbizincicola. Int J Phytoremediat 17:766–776
Zhou M, Wang H, Zhu S, Liu Y, Xu J (2015) Electrokinetic remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil and its impact on soil fertility. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:1–7
Zhu X, Lv B, Shang X, Wang J, Li M, Yu X (2019) The immobilization effects on Pb, Cd and Cu by the inoculation of organic phosphorus-degrading bacteria (OPDB) with rapeseed dregs in acidic soil. Geoderma 350:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.04.015
Zulfiqar W, Iqbal MA, Butt MK (2017) Pb(2+) ions mobility perturbation by iron particles during electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil. Chemosphere 169:257–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.083
Acknowledgments
The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41807135, No. 41877491 and No. 31800076), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province, China (No. 2019JJ50220), and the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (No. 18B107).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Responsible editor: Elena Maestri
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, S., Yang, B., Liang, Y. et al. Prospect of phytoremediation combined with other approaches for remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 16069–16085 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08282-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08282-6