Abstract
In memory of John Stringer (1934–2014), one of the leaders in studying the reactive element (RE) effects, this paper reviews the current status of understanding of the effect of RE dopants on high-temperature oxidation behavior, with an emphasis on recent research related to deploying alumina-forming alloys and coatings with optimal performance in commercial systems. In addition to the well-known interaction between indigenous sulfur and RE additions, effects have been observed with C, N, and O found in commercial alloys and coatings. While there are many similarities between alumina-forming alloys and coatings, the latter bring additional complicating factors such as the effects of O incorporation during thermal spraying MCrAlY coatings, coating roughness, and heat treatments that must be considered in optimizing the beneficial dopant addition. Analogies can be seen between RE effects in alloys and in the substrates beneath diffusion M–Al coatings. Recently, there has been more interest in the influence of mixed oxidant environments, since these may modify the manifestation of the RE effect. Finally, some thoughts are provided on optimizing the RE benefit and modeling oxidation of RE-doped alloys.
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Acknowledgments
BAP was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office (including Combined Heat and Power). Part of the work of DN was supported by the German research foundation in the frame of Emmy-Noether-Program (Grant-No. NA 615-2). The help of the following colleagues from the Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH is gratefully acknowledged: Dr. E. Wessel (SEM-studies), Dr. L. Niewolak (SNMS studies), V. Gutzeit, J. Bartsch (optical metallography), R. Mahnke, H. Cosler, and A. Kick (oxidation experiments). The authors also appreciate the comments on the manuscript from P. F. Tortorelli, S. Dryepondt, I. G. Wright, and J. L. Smialek.
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Naumenko, D., Pint, B.A. & Quadakkers, W.J. Current Thoughts on Reactive Element Effects in Alumina-Forming Systems: In Memory of John Stringer. Oxid Met 86, 1–43 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-016-9625-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-016-9625-0