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Personal identity, somatic symptoms, and symptom-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in adolescence: Examining between- and within-person associations and the role of depressive symptoms

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Abstract

Recent literature highlights the complex relationship between personal identity and body-related pathology, yet there is a lack of integrative longitudinal research on the relationship between identity and somatic symptoms. The present study investigated the longitudinal associations between identity functioning and (psychological characteristics of) somatic symptoms, and examined the role of depressive symptoms in this relationship. A total of 599 community adolescents (Time 1: 41.3% female; Mage = 14.93, SD = 1.77, range = 12–18 years) participated in three annual assessments. Using cross-lagged panel models, a bidirectional relationship between identity and (psychological characteristics of) somatic symptoms, mediated by depressive symptoms, emerged at the between-person level; whereas only a unidirectional relationship from psychological characteristics of somatic symptoms to identity functioning, mediated by depressive symptoms, emerged at the within-person level. Identity and depressive symptoms were bidirectionally related at both levels. The present study suggests that adolescent identity development is closely related to somatic and emotional distress.

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Data availability

The dataset analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author (Leni Raemen) on reasonable request.

Notes

  1. When preliminary analyses were conducted using listwise deletion instead of the expectation maximization algorithm, age was no longer significantly related to depressive symptoms at T1 (r = 0.08, p = 0.06) and to identity synthesis at T3 (r = −0.09, p = 0.07).

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Funding

The work conducted for this article was supported by a research grant from the Internal Funds of the Research Council KU Leuven (C14/21/052) and two research grants from FWO Research Foundation – Flanders (G062117N and G070620N).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Leni Raemen, Laurence Claes, Lore Vankerckhoven & Koen Luyckx

  2. Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Leni Raemen, Laurence Claes, Lore Vankerckhoven & Koen Luyckx

  3. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

    Laurence Claes

  4. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Tinne Buelens

  5. Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Lukas Van Oudenhove

  6. Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Lukas Van Oudenhove

  7. Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

    Lukas Van Oudenhove

  8. UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

    Koen Luyckx

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Contributions

L.R. helped with the data collection, conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, performed the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript; L.C. conceived of the study, participated in the design of the study, the interpretation of the data and helped to draft the manuscript; T.B. oversaw the data collection and helped to draft the manuscript; L.V. participated in the design of the study, the interpretation of the data and helped to draft the manuscript; L.V.O. participated in the design of the study, the interpretation of the data and helped to draft the manuscript; K.L. conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, performed the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Leni Raemen.

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The study was approved by the Social and Societal Ethics Committee of KU Leuven (G201701755).

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Raemen, L., Claes, L., Buelens, T. et al. Personal identity, somatic symptoms, and symptom-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in adolescence: Examining between- and within-person associations and the role of depressive symptoms. J Youth Adolescence 52, 1933–1949 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01811-9

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