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Diversified aeration facilities for effective aquaculture systems—a comprehensive review

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Abstract

The growing intensive aquaculture system around the world maintains a high stocking density, wherein it is essential to increase and sustain the optimum dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) through the provision of artificial aeration systems. The selection of an aerator is a crucial aspect of aquaculture operations. The selected aerator must be economically efficient and should be able to fulfill the requirement of oxygen supply in the pond water. The present study provides an extensive literature review on the importance of artificial aeration in aquaculture, the standard method of test for performance evaluation of an aerator, various aeration systems and their mechanisms, method to determine the numbers of aerator requirement, comparative studies of different type of aerators, and economic consideration in selection of aerators. In addition, a thorough analysis has been done to suggest the type of aerator that is economically viable and efficient for different pond volumes based on the performance data reported in the reviews. Therefore, this study may help the end-users (fish farmers) to select the best aerator based on their requirements.

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Abbreviations

A:

Cross-sectional area through which diffusion occurs

AE:

Aeration efficiency in actual ponds

C:

Concentration of oxygen at time t

C∗ :

Equilibrium liquid phase oxygen concentration

C0 :

Initial DO concentration

Cs :

Saturation concentration of pond water at T °C

CP :

Initial DO concentration in pond water at T °C

DO:

Dissolved oxygen concentration

De :

Eddy diffusion coefficient of the oxygen in the body of the liquid

Dg :

Molecular diffusion coefficient of oxygen through gas film

KLaT :

Overall oxygen transfer coefficient at T °C

KLa20 :

Overall oxygen transfer coefficient at 20 °C

T:

Temperature

θ:

Temperature correction factor

V:

Volume of water under aeration

SOTR:

Standard oxygen-transfer rate

SAE:

Standard aeration efficiency

P:

Input power to the aerator

PT :

Total power requirement for aeration

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

OTR:

Oxygen transfer rate

OTRf :

Actual oxygen transfer rate in pond

TOD:

Total oxygen demand

ODs :

Demand of oxygen by cultured species

ODp :

Plankton oxygen demand

ODb :

Benthos oxygen demand

NA :

Number of aerators

VOCs:

Volatile organic chemicals

ha:

Hectare

GDP:

Gross domestic product

CSC:

Circular stepped cascade

PCSC:

Pooled circular stepped cascade

PSA:

Pump-sprayer aerator

PWA:

Paddle wheel aerator

SA:

Spiral aerator

PAA:

Propeller aspirator aerator

SUBA:

Submersible aerator

VPA:

Vertical pump aerator

DA:

Diffused aerator

WA:

Weir aerator

SCA:

Stepped cascade aerator

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Acknowledgements

The first, second, and fourth authors express their gratitude to MHRD, Govt. of India for providing fellowship during the study. We gratefully acknowledge the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721 302, India

    Subha M. Roy, Jayraj P, Rajendra Machavaram & C. M. Pareek

  2. JIS University, Agarpara, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 109, India

    B. C. Mal

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Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 8 Variation of total number of aerators (NA) with different splash aerators and pond volume
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Appendix 2

Table 9 Variation of total number of aerators (NA) with different bubbling aerators and pond volume
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Appendix 3

Table 10 Variation of total number of aerators (NA) with different gravity aerators and pond volume
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Roy, S.M., P, J., Machavaram, R. et al. Diversified aeration facilities for effective aquaculture systems—a comprehensive review. Aquacult Int 29, 1181–1217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00685-7

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