SpringerLink
Log in

The economic feasibility assessment of using tropical fruit wastes in production of fish feed for the Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854)

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Fruit wastes, including the rind, skin, pulp, and seed, contain highly nutritious organic materials; however, they are often discarded without utilization. In countries such as Japan, these compounds have been used as ingredients in fish feed, although economic feasibility assessments are not generally performed. While Asian countries produce approximately 86% of tropical fruit, waste utilization in fish feed is uncommon. This study aimed to formulate fish feed containing tropical fruit waste and examine the related economic feasibility. Grated coconut, pineapple skin/crown, and jackfruit skin/pulp from three locations were selected as inexpensive and readily available wastes, and 16 different feeds (including control) were formulated to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the Malaysian mahseer (Tor tambroides). The results demonstrated that fruit waste has high nutritional content, such as lipids and proteins, which are suitable for fish feeds. The preliminary economic analysis indicated that seven of the 15 fruit-containing feed treatments were economically feasible. Thus, the utilization of tropical fruit wastes as fish feed is promising. Aquaculture verification tests should be conducted in future studies to examine whether there is improvement/deterioration in morbidity and fish meat quality, among other characteristics, which could also be factors that increase or decrease costs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nor SM, Ding P (2020) Trends and advances in edible biopolymer coating for tropical fruit: a review. Food Res Int 134:109208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ayala-Zavala J, Vega-Vega V, Rosas-Domínguez C, Palafox-Carlos H, Villa-Rodriguez JA, Siddiqui MW, Davila-Avina JE, González-Aguilar GA (2011) Agro-industrial potential of exotic fruit byproducts as a source of food additives. Food Res Int 44:1866–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Rymbai H, Srivastav M, Sharma RR, Patel CR, Singh AK (2013) Bio-active compounds in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their roles in human health and plant defence—a review. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 88:369–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2013.11512978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ho LH, Bhat R (2015) Exploring the potential nutraceutical values of durian (Durio zibethinus L.)—an exotic tropical fruit. Food Chem 168:80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Singh B, Singh JP, Kaur A, Singh N (2016) Bioactive compounds in banana and their associated health benefits—a review. Food Chem 206:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Aziz NAA, Jalil AMM (2019) Bioactive compounds, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of indigenous durian (Durio zibethinus Murr): a review. Foods 8:96. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fernandez-Lopez J, Sendra E, Sayas-Barbera E, Navarro C, Perez-Alvarez JA (2008) Physico-chemical and microbiological profiles of “salchich” (Spanish dry-fermented sausage) enriched with orange fiber. Meat Sci 80:410–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.01.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang L, Shen F, Yuan H, Zou D, Liu Y, Zhu B, Li X (2014) Anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and fruit/vegetable waste: lab-scale and pilot-scale studies. Waste Manag 34:2627–2633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kasapidou E, Sossidou E, Mitlianga P (2015) Fruit and vegetable co-products as functional feed ingredients in farm animal nutrition for improved product quality. Agriculture 5:1020–1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5041020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Raihana AN, Marikkar JMN, Amin I, Shuhaimi M (2015) A review on food values of selected tropical fruits’ seeds. Int J Food Prop 18:2380–2392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2014.980946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Torres-León C, Rojas R, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Serna-Cock L, Belmares-Cerda RE, Aguilar CN (2016) Mango seed: functional and nutritional properties. Trends Food Sci Technol 55:109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kumoro AC, Alhanif M, Wardhani DH (2020) A critical review on tropical fruits seeds as prospective sources of nutritional and bioactive compounds for functional foods development: a case of Indonesian exotic fruits. Int J Food Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4051475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Upadhyay A, Lama JP, Tawata S (2010) Utilization of pineapple waste: a review. J Food Sci Technol Nepal 6:10–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Palakawong C, Sophanodora P, Toivonen P, Delaquis P (2013) Optimized extraction and characterization of antimicrobial phenolic compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) cultivation and processing waste. J Sci Food Agric 93:3792–3800. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cheok CY, Mohd Adzahan N, Abdul Rahman R, Zainal Abedin NH, Hussain N, Sulaiman R, Chong GH (2018) Current trends of tropical fruit waste utilization. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 58:335–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1176009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Akter F, Haque MA (2019) Jackfruit waste: a promising source of food and feed. Ann Bangladesh Agric 23:91–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dhillon GS, Kaur S, Brar SK (2013) Perspective of apple processing wastes as low-cost substrates for bioproduction of high value products: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 27:789–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Moh YC, Latifah AM (2014) Overview of household solid waste recycling policy status and challenges in Malaysia. Resour Conserv Recycl 82:50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.11.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Akasha IAM (2014) Extraction and characterisation of protein fraction from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds. Dissertation, Heriot-Watt University

  20. Nawirska A, Kwaśniewska M (2005) Dietary fibre fractions from fruit and vegetable processing waste. Food Chem 91:221–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Iqbal M, Saeed A, Kalim I (2009) Characterization of adsorptive capacity and investigation of mechanism of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption on mango peel waste from constituted metal solution and genuine electroplating effluent. Sep Sci Technol 44:3770–3791. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390903182305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hossain MA, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Nguyen TV (2012) Removal of copper from water by adsorption onto banana peel as bioadsorbent. Int J Geomate 2:227–234

    Google Scholar 

  23. Jaishankar M, Mathew BB, Shah MS, Gowda KRS (2014) Biosorption of few heavy metal ions using agricultural wastes. J Environ Pollut Hum Health 2:1–6. https://doi.org/10.12691/jephh-2-1-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Prasad N, Kumar P, Pal DB (2020) Cadmium removal from aqueous solution by jackfruit seed bio-adsorbent. SN Appl Sci 2:1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2750-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Upadhyay A, Lama J, Tawata S (2013) Utilization of pineapple waste: a review. J Food Sci Technol Nepal 6:10–18. https://doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Cahyari K, Putri AM, Oktaviani ED, Hidayat MA, Norajsha JD (2018) Biohydrogen production from pineapple waste: effect of substrate concentration and acid pretreatment. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 358:01200. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/358/1/012001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Khedkar MA, Nimbalkar PR, Gaikwad SG, Chavan PV, Bankar SB (2017) Sustainable biobutanol production from pineapple waste by using Clostridium acetobutylicum B 527: drying kinetics study. Bioresour Technol 225:359–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Safar KM, Bux MR, Aslam UM, Muhammad BK, Ahmed MS (2019) Analysis of the feasibility of fruit and vegetable wastes for methane yield using different substrate to inoculum ratios at Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 21:365–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0799-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Choi WM, Lam CL, Mo WY, Wong MH (2016) The use of food wastes as feed ingredients for culturing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in Hong Kong. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:7178–7185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5465-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Caipang CMA, Mabuhay-Omar J, Gonzales-Plasus MM (2019) Plant and fruit waste products as phytogenic feed additives in aquaculture. AACL Bioflux 12:261–268

    Google Scholar 

  31. Deka A, Sahu NP, Jain KK (2003) Utilization of fruit processing wastes in the diet of Labeo rohita fingerling. Asian Aust J Anim 16:1661–1665. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.1661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mo WY, Cheng Z, Choi WM, Man YB, Liu Y, Wong MH (2014) Application of food waste based diets in polyculture of low trophic level fish: effects on fish growth, water quality and plankton density. Mar Pollut Bull 85:803–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Azaza MS, Mensi F, Kammoun W, Abdelouaheb A, Brini B, Kraiem M (2009) Nutritional evaluation of waste date fruit as partial substitute for soybean meal in practical diets of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Aquac Nutr 15:262–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00591.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fukada H, Shimizu R, Furutani T, Masumoto T (2014) Effects of Yuzu Citrus junos peel from waste as an aquaculture feed supplement on growth, environmental load and dark muscle discoloration in Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 23:511–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2012.732201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kawata Y (2018) Current status and future prospects of farm-raised fish that are fed by fruit containing bites (in Japanese). Ikoma J Econ 16:77–117

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ghosh PR, Fawcett D, Sharma SB, Poinern GEJ (2016) Progress towards sustainable utilisation and management of food wastes in the global economy. Int J Food Sci 2016:3563478. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3563478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Lipiński AJ, Lipiński S, Kowalkowski P (2018) Utilization of post-production waste from fruit processing for energetic purposes: analysis of Polish potential and case study. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 20:1878–1883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0729-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Tan CK (2017) Metagenetic analysis of gut microbial community of Malaysian Mahseer Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854) (Cyprinidae) and its probiotics potential. Master thesis, University Putra Malaysia. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/76118/1/FP%202018%2053%20-%20IR.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2020

  39. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (2005) Official methods of analysis, 18th edn. AOAC, Gaithersburg

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ishak SD, Kamarudin MS, Ramezani-Fard E, Saad CR, Yusof YA (2016) Effects of varying dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance, body composition and liver histology of Malaysian mahseer fingerlings (Tor tambroides). J Environ Biol 37:755–764

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ng WK, Andin VC (2011) The Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides (Bleeker), requires low dietary lipid levels with a preference for lipid sources with high omega-6 and low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Aquaculture 322:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.09.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ramezani-Fard E, Kamarudin MS, Saad CR, Harmin SA, Goh YM (2012) Dietary lipid levels affect growth and fatty acid profiles of Malaysian mahseer Tor tambroides. N Am J Aquac 74:530–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2012.690829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Ramezani-Fard E, Kamarudin MS, Harmin SA, Saad CR (2012) Dietary saturated and omega-3 fatty acids affect growth and fatty acid profiles of Malaysian mahseer. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 114:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201100254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Misieng JD, Kamarudin MS, Musa M (2011) Optimum dietary protein requirement of Malaysian mahseer (Tor tambroides) fingerling. Pak J Biol Sci 14:232–235. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2011.232.235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ministry of Agriculture and AgroBased Industry, Malaysia (2018) Agrofood Statistics 2018. https://www.mafi.gov.my/documents/20182/29034/Perangkaan+Agromakanan+2018.pdf/56b191f9-1e19-4368-8497-b56cf6d7b538. Accessed 14 Nov 2020

  46. Szulczyk KR, Cheema MA (2020) The economic feasibility and environmental ramifications of biobutanol production in Malaysia. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. WWF Bhutan (2019) The first international mahseer conference proceedings. http://mahseerconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Internl-Mahseer-Conference-Proceedings.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2020

  48. Roda JM, Goralski M, Benoist A, Baptiste A, Boudjema V, Galanos T, Georget M, Hevin JE, Lavergne S, Eychenne F, Liew KE, Schwob C, Djama M, Tahir PM (2015) Sustainability of bio-jetfuel in Malaysia. Centre of International Cooperation in Agronomy Research for Development (CIRAD). https://agritrop.cirad.fr/577269/7/577269.pdf. Accessed 21 May 2020

  49. Ong CL, Babin J, Chen JT, Liew KE, Roda JM (2016) Designing model for biomass transport cost of biofuel refinery in Malaysia. In: Proceedings of the Burapha university international conference 2016. http://www.buuconference.buu.ac.th. Accessed 21 May 2020

  50. Tan S, Hashim H, Lee C, Taib MR, Yan J (2014) Economical and environmental impact of waste-to-energy (WTE) alternatives for waste incineration, landfill and anaerobic digestion. Energy Proced 61:704–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.947

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant number JP16K00691. Our thanks to Ms Adibah Shakri, Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia for her technical assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economics, Kindai University, 4-1 Kowakae 3-chome, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan

    Yukichika Kawata

  2. Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Fatimah Md Yusoff

  3. International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050, Port Dickson, Selangor, Malaysia

    Fatimah Md Yusoff

  4. School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nicholas M. H. Khong

  5. Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Dini W. A. Umi

Authors
  1. Yukichika Kawata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fatimah Md Yusoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicholas M. H. Khong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dini W. A. Umi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yukichika Kawata or Fatimah Md Yusoff.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kawata, Y., Yusoff, F.M., Khong, N.M.H. et al. The economic feasibility assessment of using tropical fruit wastes in production of fish feed for the Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854). J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 23, 1026–1036 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01190-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01190-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation