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A synoptic decomposition of rainfall over the Cape south coast of South Africa

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Abstract

A synoptic climatology is derived for the Cape south coast region of South Africa by application of the self-organizing map (SOM) technique. The SOM is applied to average daily low-level circulation fields, as represented by sea-level pressure anomalies for the period 1979–2011. This coastal region receives rainfall all-year round with slight peaks during March–April and with more pronounced peaks during August and October–November. The synoptic forcing responsible for this annual multi-modal rainfall distribution is identified, and the relative contribution of different synoptic types to the annual rainfall is quantified. Ridging high pressure systems contribute to 46 % of the annual rainfall, while tropical–temperate troughs contribute 28 %. Cut-off lows (COLs) co-occurring with ridging highs and tropical–temperate troughs are associated with 16 % of the annual rainfall total. The contribution of ridging high pressure systems decreases from south to north, whilst the opposite is true for tropical–temperate troughs. COLs, ridging high pressure systems and tropical–temperate troughs are associated with the March–April rainfall peak, while COLs are largely associated with the August rainfall peak. Ridging high pressure systems and to a lesser extent tropical–temperate troughs, are responsible for the October peak observed along the coast, while the November peak over the adjacent interior regions is associated with COLs that occur in combination with the tropical–temperate troughs during this month.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Water Research Commission (Project K5/2257/1) and the Applied Centre for Climate and Earth System Studies (ACCESS) in South Africa. Rainfall data were supplied by the South African Weather Service—the assistance of Elsa de Jager is greatly acknowledged. The editing contributions of Dr. Fyfield from the Agricultural Research Council are highly valued and acknowledged. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their constructive comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa

    Christien J. Engelbrecht & Johan Malherbe

  2. Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Christien J. Engelbrecht & Willem A. Landman

  3. Climate Studies, Modelling and Environmental Health, CSIR Natural Resources and Environment, Pretoria, South Africa

    Willem A. Landman & Francois A. Engelbrecht

  4. GAES, University of the Witwatersrand, Pretoria, South Africa

    Francois A. Engelbrecht

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  1. Christien J. Engelbrecht
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  2. Willem A. Landman
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  3. Francois A. Engelbrecht
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  4. Johan Malherbe
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Correspondence to Christien J. Engelbrecht.

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Engelbrecht, C.J., Landman, W.A., Engelbrecht, F.A. et al. A synoptic decomposition of rainfall over the Cape south coast of South Africa. Clim Dyn 44, 2589–2607 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2230-5

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