Abstract
Micro-convex domes inspired from nature can be machined by chemical and physical routes to achieve specific functions. Laser surface texturing (LST) is the front runner among the current material micro-processing technologies. However, most of the studies relating to LST dealt with the formation of micro-dimples. In this paper, LST using long pulse laser was used to create micro-convex domes on 304L stainless steel. Spherical-cap-shaped domes with diameters of 30–75 μm and height of 0.9–5.5 μm were created through LST. The effects of laser-processing parameters on surface morphologies of the created convex domes were investigated. The height of the convex dome increased at first and then decreased with the increasing laser power. The change tendency of the height with the pulse duration varied at different laser powers. The diameter of the convex dome increased almost linearly with the laser power or pulse duration. The superior micro-convex domes were achieved at a pulse energy of 5.6 mJ with a laser power of 80 W and pulse duration of 70 μs.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-016-0670-y/MediaObjects/339_2016_670_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-016-0670-y/MediaObjects/339_2016_670_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-016-0670-y/MediaObjects/339_2016_670_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-016-0670-y/MediaObjects/339_2016_670_Fig4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-016-0670-y/MediaObjects/339_2016_670_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-016-0670-y/MediaObjects/339_2016_670_Fig6_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-016-0670-y/MediaObjects/339_2016_670_Fig7_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-016-0670-y/MediaObjects/339_2016_670_Fig8_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Z. Han, Z. Mu, W. Yin, W. Li, S. Niu, J. Zhang, L. Ren, Biomimetic multifunctional surfaces inspired from animals. Adv. Colloid. Interfac. 234, 27–50 (2016)
L.H. Shu, K. Ueda, I. Chiu, H. Cheong, Biologically inspired design. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 60, 673–693 (2011)
J. Tong, J. Sun, D. Chen, S. Zhang, Geometrical features and wettability of dung beetles and potential biomimetic engineering applications in tillage implements. Soil Till. Res. 80(1), 1–12 (2005)
J. Tong, Z. Zhang, Y. Ma, D. Chen, B. Jia, C. Menon, Abrasive wear of embossed surfaces with convex domes. Wear 274, 196–202 (2012)
Z. Han, J. Zhang, C. Ge, L. Wen, L. Ren, Erosion resistance of bionic functional surfaces inspired from desert scorpions. Langmuir 28, 2914–2921 (2012)
Z. Han, J. Zhang, C. Ge, Y. Lü, J. Jiang, Q. Liu, L. Ren, Anti-erosion function in animals and its biomimetic application. J. Bionic Eng. 7, S50–S58 (2010)
Y.C. Jung, B. Bhushan, Contact angle, adhesion and friction properties of micro-and nanopatterned polymers for superhydrophobicity. Nanotechnology 17(19), 4970 (2006)
J. Li, F. Du, X. Liu, Z. Jiang, L. Ren, Superhydrophobicity of bionic alumina surfaces fabricated by hard anodizing. J. Bionic Eng. 8(4), 369–374 (2011)
D. Wang, A. Zhao, R. Jiang, D. Li, M. Zhang, Z. Gan, T. Mei, Surface properties of bionic micro-pillar arrays with various shapes of tips. Appl. Surf. Sci. 259, 93–98 (2012)
I. Etsion, State of the art in laser surface texturing. J. Tribol. 127(1), 248–253 (2005)
T. Wang, W. Huang, X. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Experimental study of two-phase mechanical face seals with laser surface texturing. Tribol. Int. 72, 90–97 (2014)
A. Kovalchenko, O. Ajayi, A. Erdemir, G. Fenske, Friction and wear behavior of laser textured surface under lubricated initial point contact. Wear 271(9), 1719–1725 (2011)
I. Etsion, E. Sher, Improving fuel efficiency with laser surface textured piston rings. Tribol. Int. 42, 542–547 (2009)
A. Borghi, E. Gualtieri, D. Marchetto, L. Moretti, S. Valeri, Tribological effects of surface texturing on nitriding steel for high-performance engine applications. Wear 265, 1046–1051 (2008)
T.D. Ling, P. Liu, S. **ong, D. Grzina, J. Cao, Q.J. Wang, Z.C. **a, R. Talwar, Surface texturing of drill bits for adhesion reduction and tool life enhancement. Tribol. Lett. 52, 113–122 (2013)
Y. **ng, J. Deng, X. Wang, K. Ehmann, J. Cao, Experimental assessment of laser textured cutting tools in dry cutting of aluminum alloys. J Manuf Sci E T ASME 138(7), 071006 (2016)
P. Han, J. Kim, K.F. Ehmann, J. Cao, Laser surface texturing of medical needles for friction control. Int. J. Mech. Manuf. Syst. 6(3), 215–228 (2013)
X. Wang, M. Giovannini, Y. **ng, K. Ehmann, Fabrication and tribological behaviors of corner-cube-like dimple arrays produced by laser surface texturing on medical needles. Tribol. Int. 92, 553–558 (2015)
D. Du, Y.F. He, B. Sui, L.J. **ong, H. Zhang, Laser texturing of rollers by pulsed Nd: YAG laser. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 161(3), 456–461 (2005)
J. Zhou, H. Shen, Y. Pan, X. Ding, Experimental study on laser microstructures using long pulse. Opt. Laser. Eng. 78, 113–120 (2016)
P. Sahoo, T. DebRoy, M.J. McNallan, Surface-tension of binary metal-surface-active solute systems under conditions relevant to welding metallurgy. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 19, 483–491 (1988)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20150685), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (KYZ201659) and Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents, College of Engineering, Nan**g Agricultural University (YQ201604).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, L. et al. Fabrication of micro-convex domes using long pulse laser. Appl. Phys. A 123, 51 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0670-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0670-y