Abstract
Apple pomace is the press cake resulting from pressing apples for juice (see Fig. 1). This chapter is not an all-encompassing review of apple pomace, but rather highlights areas the authors view as significant and with which they have expertise. Production figures for apple pomace are shown in Table 1.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acree TE, McLellan MR (1989) Flavor components and quality attributes. In: Downing DL (ed) Processed apple products. Vomn Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 323–341
Agricultural Research Council (1976) The nutrient requirements of farm livestock, no 4: Composition of British feedingstuffs - technical review and tables. Agricultural Research Council, London
Alibes X, Munoz F, Rodriguez J (1984) Feeding value of apple pomace silage for sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 11: 189–197
Almosnino AM, Belin JM (1991) Apple pomace: an enzyme system for producing aroma compounds from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnol Lett 13 (12): 893–898
Almosnino AM, Bensoussan M, Belin JM (1996) Unsaturated fatty acid bioconversion by apple pomace enzyme system. Factors influencing the production of aroma compounds. Food Chem 55 (4): 327–332
Amelotti G, Garcia V, Federico LG (1967) Acid composition of some vegetable oils. Riv Ital Sostanze Grasse 44: 372–378
Archer TL, Musick GJ (1977) Evaluation of sampling methods for black cutworm larva in field corn. J Econ Entomol 70 (4): 447–449
Arrigoni E, Caprez A, Amado R, Neukom H (1986) Chemical composition and physical properties of modified dietary fibre sources. Food Hydrocolloids 1 (1): 57–64
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990) Official methods of analysis, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia
Bain PJS (1988) Oils from waste vegetable seeds. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Report IPD/RI/2394, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Bain PJS (1989) Preliminary investigation of vegetable oils in apple seeds. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Report IPD/RI/2032, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Bath D, Dunbar J, King J, Berry S, Leonard R, Olbrich S (1986) Composition of by products and unusual feedstuffs. Feedstuffs 58 (30): 32–36
Benner R, Hatcher PG, Hedges JL (1990) Early diagenesis of mangrove leaves in a tropical estuary: bulk chemical characterization using solid-state ‘3C NMR and elemental analyses. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54: 2003–2013
Bertrand GC (1942) Apple-seed oil. CR Hebd Seances Acad Agric Fr 28: 544–549
Bosak F (1969) Tests for the pectin content of pomace from apple processing. Food Sci Technol Abst 2 (3): 374
Bump VL (1989) Apple pressing and juice extraction. In: Downing DL (ed) Processed apple products. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 53–82
Caprez A, Arrigoni E, Neukom H, Amado R (1987) Improvement of the sensory properties of two different dietary fibre sources through enzymatic modification. Lebensm Wiss Technol 20: 245–250
Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of walls during growth. Plant J 3: 1–30
Carson KJ, Collins JL, Penfield MP (1994) Unrefined, dried apple pomace as a potential food ingredient. J Food Sci 59 (6): 1213–1215
Chong C (1992) Apple pomace as an amendment in container growing media. Hortic Sci 27 (10): 1138
Cone WH (1969) Insect pests of grapes. Fruit World Annu Orchardists Guide 70(12):40 (ns; AN 70079377 ).
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (1975) Liquid and solid pectin (English abstr #09208060793). Chem Abstr 92: 113
Davidson L (1980) Determining optimum conditions for Kjeldahl analysis of oil seeds. In: Dawn K (ed) Analytical chemistry of rapeseed and its products. Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, pp 181–188
Davies RJ (1982) Pectin extraction from New Zealand fruit wastes. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Report no IPD/TSO/2004, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Dreyer JJ, van der Walt WH (1979) Evaluation of apple pomace as a bulking agent. S Afr J Sci 75 (3): 124–126
Emmaus DA (1991) Juice company recycles residuals. Biocycle 32 (11): 61
Etheridge SP, Jewell WJ (1988) High solids anaerobic digestion of apple pomace. Biosensors Environ Biotechnol 2: 113–124
Fellows PJ, Worgan JT (1987) Growth of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger and Candida utilis in mixed culture on apple processing wastes. Enzyme Microb Technol 9: 434–437
Fenton GA, Kennedy MJ (1998) Rapid dry weight determination of kiwifruit pomace and apple pomace using an infrared drying technique. N Z J Crop Hortic Sci 26 (1): 35–43
Fontenot JP, Boyard KP, Oltjen RR, Rumsey TS, Priode BN (1977) Supplementation of apple pomace with nonprotein nitrogen for gestating beef cows. I. Feed intake and performance. J Anim Sci 45 (3): 513–522
Garrity B (1994) Profitable feeding for high production. Dairy Farm Annu 46: 55–58
Gasa J, Castrillo C, Baucells MD, Guada JA (1989) By-products from the canning industry as feedstuff for ruminants: digestibility and its prediction from chemical composition and laboratory bioassays. Anim Feed Sci Technol 25: 67–77
Gasa J, Castrillo C, Guada JA, Balcells J (1992) Rumen digestion of Ensiled apple pomace in sheep: effect of proportion in diet and source of nitrogen supplementation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 39: 193–207
Gebhardt S, Cutrufelli R, Matthews RH (1982) Composition of foods: fruits and fruit juices, raw, processed, prepared. Agriculture handbook no 8–9, US Department of Agricultural Human Nutrition Information Service, Washington, DC
Gies G (1995) Composting food processing residuals. Biocycle 36 (8): 36–39
Gitenshtein BM, Shterk PM, Pecherskii MA, Shimanovich BI, Ivanov AP, Ropot VP (1975) Processing of apples for material for wine production by leaching out the pomace. Sadovod Vinograd Vinodel Mold 7: 32–33
Givens DI, Barber WP (1987) Nutritive value of apple pomace for ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 16: 311–315
Glicksman M (1986) Tamarind-seed gum. In: Glicksman M (ed) Food hydrocolloids, vol 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 191–202
Gunde-Cimerman N, Cimerman A (1986) Aspegillus niger mutants for bioconversion of apple distillery wastes. Enzyme Microb Technol 8: 166–177
Gupta LK, Pathak G, Tiwari RP (1990) Effect of nutrition variables on solid state alcoholic fermentation of apple pomace by yeasts. J Sci Food Agric 50: 55–62
Ha M-A, Jardine WG, Jarvis MC (1997) Solid-state 13C NMR of cell walls in wheat bran. J Agric Food Chem 45: 117–119
Hang YD (1985) Utilization of apple pomace for microbial production of citric acid, vol 57. Special report of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, P8
Hang YD (1987) Production of fuels and chemicals from apple pomace. Food Technol 41 (3): 115–117
Hang YD (1988a) Improvement of the nutritional value of apple pomace by fermentation. Nutr Rep Int 38 (1): 207–210
Hang YD (1988b) Microbial production of citric acid in fixed-bed column bioreactors. Biotechnol Lett 10 (6): 421–426
Hang YD (1988c) Apple pomace as substrate for microbial productions of citric acid. US Patent 4: 767, 705
Hang YD, Walter RH (1989) Treatment and utilization of apple-processing wastes. In: Dawning DL (ed) Processed apple products. van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 365–377
Hang YD, Woodams EE (1984) Apple pomace: a potential substrate for citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. Biotechnol Lett 6 (11): 763–764
Hang YD, Woodams EE (1986) Solid state fermentation of apple pomace for citric acid production. MIRCEN J 2: 283–287
Hang YD, Woodams EE (1989) A process for leaching citric acid from apple pomace fermented with Aspergillus niger in solid-state culture. Microbial Resources Centres ( MIRCEN ), Oxford Univ Press Oxford, in cooperation with UNESCO. MIRCEN J 5: 379–382
Hang YD, Woodams EE (1994a) Production of fungal polygalacturonase from apple pomace. Lebensm Wiss Technol 27: 194–196
Hang YD, Woodams EE (1994b) Apple pomace: a potential substrate for production of 13glucosidase by Aspergillus foetidus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 27: 587–589
Hang YD, Woodams EE (1995) 13-Fructofuranosidase production by Aspergillus species from apple pomace. Lebensm Wiss Technol 28: 340–342
Hang YD, Lee CY, Woodams EE, Cooley HJ (1981) Production of alcohol from apple pomace. Appl Environ Microbiol 42: 1128–1129
Hang YD, Lee CY, Woodams EE (1982) A solid state fermentation system for production of ethanol from apple pomace. J Food Sci 47: 1851–1852
Harris RK (1993) State of the art for solids. Chem Br 29 (7): 601–604
Haw JF, Maciel GE (1983) Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of oil seed with cross polarization and magic-angle spinning. Anal Chem 55: 1262–1267
Hayashi T, Ogawa K, Mitsuishi (1994) Characterization of the adsorption of xyloglucan to cellulose. Plant Cell Physiol 35: 1199–1205
Heinemann WW (1984) Apple pomace in steer finishing diets. Agricultural Research Center, Washington State University, Res Bull XB0939, Pullman, Washington
Hills JL (1902) Apple pomace a good feed for cows. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Bull no 96, Burlington, Vermout
Hours RA, Massucco AE, Ertola RJ (1985) Microbial biomass product from apple pomace in batch and fed batch cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 23: 33–37
Hours RA, Voget CE, Ertola RJ (1988a) Apple pomace as raw material for pectinases production in solid state culture. Biol Wastes 23: 221–228
Hours RA, Voget CE, Ertola RJ (1988b) Some factors affecting pectinase production from apple pomace in solid-state cultures. Biol Wastes 24: 147–157
Jarosz K (1988) Solid state alcoholic fermentation of apple pomace. Acta Aliment Pol 14 (34): 139–144
Jarvis MC, Apperley DC (1990) Direct observation of cell wall structure in living plant tissues by solid-state “C NMR spectroscopy. Plant Physiol 92: 61–65
Jarvis MC, Apperley DC (1995) Chain conformation in concentrated pectic gels: evidence from “C NMR. Carbohydr Res 275: 131–145
Jewell WJ, Cummings RJ (1984) Apple pomace energy and solids recovery. J Food Sci 49: 407–410
Jones BJ (1992) Composting food and vegetative waste. Biocycle 33 (3): 69–71
Joshi VK, Kaushal NK, Thakur NS (1996) Apple pomace sauce–development and quality of fresh and stored products. J Food Sci Technol 33 (5): 414–417
Kalia VC, Kumar A, Jain SR, Joshi AP (1992) Biomethanation of plant materials. Bioresource Technol 41: 209–212
Kennedy MJ (1984) Proposed animal feed plant for the protein enrichment of apple pomace by fungal biomass. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Report IPD/ RI/1292, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Kennedy MJ (1994) Apple pomace and kiwifruit: processing options. Australas Biotechnol 4 (1): 43–49
Kennedy MJ, Bell DJ (1985) Pilot plant proposal for the protein enrichment of apple pomace by fungal biomass. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Report IPD/ RI, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Kennedy MJ, Phillips T (1996) An infrared drying technique as a rapid reliable means of cell concentration estimation in fermentation systems. Biotechnol Tech 10 (12): 895–898
Kennedy MJ, Powlesland B (1984) The production of biomass from apple pomace. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Report no IPD/RI/1095, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Kertesz ZI, Green EL (1931) Factors affecting the pectin content of stored apple pomace. Technical bulletin 179 of the NY Agricultural Experimental Station, Geneva, New York, pp 314
Kitson JA, Lackey CL, Coltart ML (1972) Dry sauces, soup mixes reap benefits of new ingredients: low moisture apple solids. Food Prod Dev 6(7): 36, 38
Kiviat E (1982) Apple pomace characteristics and uses. Hudsonia, Bard College, Annandle, NY Knott JC, Hodgson RE, Ellington EV (1932) The feeding value of dried apple pomace for dairy cows. State College of Washington, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bull no 270, Pullman, Washington
Lane AG (1979) Methane from anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable processing wastes. Food Technol Aust 31 (5): 201–207
Lang P, Masci G, Dentini M, Crescenzi V, Cooke D, Gidley MJ, Fanutti C, Reid JSG (1992) Tamarind seed polysaccharide: preparation, characterisation solution properties of carboxylated, sulphated and alkylaminated derivatives. Carbohydr Polymers 17: 185–198
Leary GJ, Newman RH, Morgan KR (1986) A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of chemical processes involved in isolation of Klason lignin. Holzforschung 40: 267–272
Lopez AC, Coalia HM, De La Torre JC, Diez PS (1990) Extraction of pectin from apple waste produced in cider manufacture. Res Ind New Delhi 35 (4): 207–211
Lu Y, Foo LY (1997) Identification and quantification of major polyphenols in apple pomace. Food Chem 59 (2): 187–194
Maarse H, Visscher CA (1989) Volatile compounds in food, qualitative and quantitative data, vol 1,1–10. TNO-CIVO Food Analysis Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
Malhotra SK, Miller MJ (1973) Biological treatment of vinegar plant wastes. Eng Ext Sery Purdue Univ 142 (2): 676–687
Mane JD, Jadhav SJ, Ramaiah NA (1987) An improved process for production of oxalic acid from agricultural waste trash. Indian Patent 160–865
Marinescu I, Dendorf F, Flueraru M, Olaru M, Ionescu R, Novaceanu M (1976) Research on the feasibility of obtaining from apple pomace the low-methoxyl pectin intended for the manufacture of hypocaloric products. Lucr Stiint Inst Cercet Proiect Pentru Pastrarea Valor Legum Fruct 7: 223–231 (English summary)
Mason NB, Hyde GM, Waelti H (1985) Fruit pomace as a fuel. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 28 (2): 588–591
McLellan MR, Kime RL, Lind LR (1991) Electroplasmolysis and other treatments to improve apple juice yield. J Sci Food Agric 57: 303–306
Miller JE, Weathers PJ, McConville FX, Goldberg M (1982) Saccharification and ethanol fermentation of apple pomace. Biotechnol Bioeng Symp 12: 183–191
Moiseeva VG, Rubailo BG, Denisyuk RV (1976) Production of a pectin concentrate from apple wastes. Tekhnol I Oborud Pishch Prom-Sti I Pishch Mashinostr 51–56. (in Russian) (Title only in Chem Abstr 87:529 #0871732531)
Morice IM, Shorland FB, Williams E (1971) Seed oils of apples Malus pumila. J Sci Food Agric 22: 186–188
Morrison FB (1942) Feeds and feeding: a handbook for the student and stockman. Morrison, Ithaca, NY
Muraki H, Masuda H (1976) Studies on fermentive processing of apple fruit. XIV. Acid reduction in grape musts and wines by addition of apple pomace. J Food Sci Technol 23 (6): 268–272
Murti IAS, Malathi HN, Rajalakshmi D, Bhattachrjya SC (1976) Industrial wastes and byproducts of food processing industries in India - a survey. Indian Food Packer 30 (3): 4961
Newman RH, Hemmingson JA (1995) Carbon-13 NMR distinction between categories of molecular order and disorder in cellulose. Cellulose 2:95-HO
Newman RH, Porter LJ (1992) Solid state 13C NMR studies on condensed tannins. In: Hemingway RW, Laks PE (eds) Plant polyphenols: synthesis, properties, significance. Plenum Press, New York, pp 339–347
Newman RH, Ha M-A, Melton LD (1994) Solid-state 13C NMR investigation of molecular ordering in the cellulose of apple cell walls. J Agric Food Chem 42: 1402–1406
Ngadi MO, Correia LR (1992a) Solid state ethanol fermentation of apple pomace as affected by moisture and bioreactor mixing speed. J Food Sci 57 (3): 667–670
Ngadi MO, Correia LR (1992b) Kinetics of solid-state ethanol fermentation from apple pomace. J Food Eng 17: 96–116
Nigam P, Singh D (1996) Processing of agricultural wastes in solid-state fermentation for microbial protein production. J Sci Ind Res 55 (5–6): 373–380
Nikolic JA, Jovanovic M (1986) Some properties of apple pomace ensiled with and without additives. Anim Feed Sci Technol 15: 57–67
Pacchiano RA, Sohn W, Chlanda VL, Garbow JR, Stark RE (1993) Isolation and spectral characterization of plant-cuticle polyesters. J Agric Food Chem 41: 78–83
Patchell MR (1984) The Poultry Research Centre: a summary of final reports and current research for the year ending 31 October 1984. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, p 172
Preston RL (1991) Analyses of feed ingredients, ruminants. Feed Industry Red Book 112. Communications Marketing, Eden Prairie Minnesota
Pritzker J, Jungkunz R (1935) Apple and pear seed oil. Z Untersuch Lebensm 70: 255–258
Reid JSG, Edwards ME (1995) Galactomannans and other cell wall storage polysaccharides in seeds. In: Stephen AM (ed) Food polysaccharides and their applications. Dekker, New York, pp 155–186
Reid JSG, Edwards ME, Dea ICM (1988) Enzymic modification of natural seed gums. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA, Wedlock DJ (eds) Gums and stabilisers for the food industry, vol 4. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 391–398
Renard CMGC, Thibault J-F (1991) Composition and physico-chemical properties of apple fibres from fresh fruits and industrial products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 24: 523–527
Renard CMGC, Lemeunier C, Thibault JF (1995) Alkaline extraction of xyloglucan from depectinised apple pomace: optimization and characterisation. Carbohydr Polymers 28: 209–216
Rumsey TS (1975) Apple pomace plus urea starch and trace minerals for pregnant heifers. J Anim Sci 4 (1): 438–439
Rumsey TS (1978) Ruminal fermentation products and plasma ammonia of fistulated steers fed apple pomace-urea diets. J Anim Sci 47 (4): 967–976
Rumsey TS, Lindahl IL (1982) Apple pomace and urea for gestating ewes. J Anim Sci 54 (2): 221–234
Sargent SA (1985) An energy and cost analysis model to evaluate the combustion of food processing wastes. Diss Abst Int 45 (8): 2615–2616
Sargent SA, Pierson TR (1983) Economic feasibility of using apple pomace as a boiler feedstock, paper 83–6544. Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Dec 13–16, Chicage, Illinois
Sargent SA, Tennes BR (1982) Apple pomace as a fuel for food processors, paper 82–6032. Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, June 27–30, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Sargent SA, Steffe JF, Pierson TR (1986) The economic feasibility of in-plant combustion of apple processing wastes. Agric Wastes 15: 85–96
Scalbert A (1992) Quantitative methods for the estimation of tannins in plant tissues. In: Hemingway RW, Laks PE (eds) Plant polyphenols. Plenum Press, New York, pp 260–280
Schaub SM, Leonard JJ (1996) Composting: an alternative waste management option for food processing industries. Trends Food Sci Technol 7: 263–268
Sechriest RE, Sherrod DW (1977) Pelleted bait for control of the black cutworm in corn. J Econ Entomol 70 (6): 699–700
Sharma SP, Sharma DD (1984) Chemical composition and nutritive value of apple pomace. Asian J Dairy Res 3 (2): 108–110
Shaudys PV (1981) Apple pulp pomanders. Mother Earth News 72: 83
Sims IM, Gane AM, Dunstan D, Allan GC, Boger DV, Melton LD, Bacic A (1998) Rheological properties of xyloglucans from different plant species. Carbohydr Polymers 37: 61–69
Singh B, Narang MP (1992) Studies on the rumen degradation kinetics and utilization of apple pomace. Bioresource Technol 39: 233–240
Singhal KK, Thakur SS, Sharma DD (1991) Nutritive value of dried and stored apple pomace and its further processing for improved utilization. Indian J Anim Nutr 8 (3): 213–216
Sly MR, Robbins DJ, van der Walt WH, du Bruyn DB (1989) Evaluation of apple pomace as a hypocholesterolemic agent in baboons given a high-fat diet. Nutr Rep Int 40 (3): 465–476
Smith WC, Moughan PJ, Pearson G, James KAC (1987) Comparative bioavailable energy values of five ground cereal grains measured with growing rats and pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 18: 143–150
Smock RM, Neubert AM (1950) Apples and apple products. Interscience Publishers, New York Stapleton J, Morreale J, Kiviat E (1984) No landfill space for apple waste. Biocycle 25 (3): 46–47
Swanson BG, Crites S, Kranzler GA, Mason N (1983) Potential utilization of apple and grape pomace - use as food or fuel e.g. conversion to methane or ethanol. Am Chem Soc, 185th ACS National Meeting, AGFD14, Abstr Pap
Toyokawa K, Aizawa Y, Yoshida H, Sakamoto A, Takayasu I, Tsubomats K (1980) Studies on the utilization of windfall and surplus apples VII. The chemical compositions of windfall and surplus apples and apple pomace, and the changes of chemical composition of stored apple pomace. Bull Fac Agric No 34, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036, Japan
Truelle A (1926) The utilization of cider apple seed for oil extraction. CR Hebd Seances Acad Agric Fr 12: 81–91
Upadjhyay RC, Sohi HS (1988) Apple pomace a good substrate for cultivation of edible mushrooms. Curr Sci (Bangalore) 57 (21): 1189–1190
Van de Kamp M (1986) Apple pomace can be productive. Biocycle 27 (3): 39
Van der Merwe HJ, Kleynhans ELJ, Kottler WA (1986) Utilization of apple residue in diets for lambs and milking cows. South Afr J Anim Sci 16 (4): 192–196
Van der Merwe HJ, Kotze WH, Kottler WA (1987) ‘n Vergelyking tussen mielies en appelreste as energiebronne in ‘n kargvoermengsel vir sui welkalwars. S Afr J Anim Sci 17(2):59–62
Voget CE, Mignone CF, Ertola RJ (1985) Butanol production from apple pomace. Biotechnol Lett 7 (1): 43–46
Voragen AGJ, Schols HA, Pilnik W (1986) Determination of the degree of methylation and acetylation of pectins by HPLC. Food Hydrocolloids (1): 65–70
Wakayama S, Namba S, Takahashi M (1956) Apple seed oil. J Hokkaido Gakugei Univ 7: 98–100
Walter RH (1985) Edible extracts from apple pomace. Processed Apple Products Workshop, Special report, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, no. 57, Geneva, New York, P7
Walter RH, Sherman RM (1976) Fuel value of grape and apple processing wastes. J Agric Food Chem 24 (6): 1244
Walter RH, Bourke JB, Sherman RM, Clark RG, George E, Karasz AB, Poliman R, Smith SE, Lake G (1975a) Apple pomace in the dairy regiman. N Y Food Life Sci Q 8 (1): 12–13
Walter RH, Bourke JB, Sherman RM, Clarke RG, Smith SE, Lake GB (1975b) Status of DDT in milk from cows fed apple pomace. J Milk Technol 38 (6): 327–328
Walter RH, Bourke JB, Sherman RM, Downing DL, George E Jr, Karasz AB, Pollman R (1975c) Status of DDT in apple pomace for dairy feeding. J Milk Food Technol 38 (6): 340–342
Walter RH, Rao MA, van Buren JP, Sherman RM, Kenny JF (1977) Development and characterisation of an apple cellulose gel. J Food Sci 42: 241–243
Walter RH, Rao MA, Sherman RM, Cooley HJ (1985) Edible fibers from apple pomace. J Food Sci 50: 747–749
Walter RH, Rao MA, Cooley HJ, Sherman RS (1986) Characterisation of hydrocolloidal extracts from apple pomace. Lebensm Wiss Technol 19: 253–257
Wang HI, Thomas RL (1989) Direct use of apple pomace in bakery products. J Food Sci 54 (3): 618–620
Watt BK, Merrill AL (1963) Composition of foods. Agriculture handbook, no 8. Consumer and Food Economics Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
Waugh AJB (1981) Apple pomace - waste of asset. South Afr Food Review 8 (3): 27
White TE, Malecki DJ, Jewell WJ (1989) Anaerobic treatment of apple pomace and waste water. Proc Ind Waste Conf Purdue Univ 43: 551–560
Whitney SEC, Brigham JE, Darke AH, Reid JSG, Gidley MJ (1995) In vitro assembly of cellulose/ xyloglucan networks: ultrastructural and molecular aspects. Plant J 8: 491–504
Wigam P, Singh D (1996) Processing of agricultural wastes in solid-state fermentation for microbial protein-production. J Sci Ind Res 55 (5–6): 373–380
Williams BA, Henry DP (1989) A waste utilization process for apple pomace single cell protein production utilizing Candida ingens. Eur Congr Biotechnol 1: 11–43
Withy LM, Heatherbell DA, Strachan G (1978) The chemical composition of some New Zealand apples and their juices. N Z J Sci 21: 91–97
Wolter R, Durix A, Letourneau JC, Carcelen M (1980) Estimation of total digestibility of soyabean hulls, apple pomace, carob husk, grape seed oil meal. Ann Zootech 29 (4): 377–385
Zaiko GM, Moiseeva VG, Shapiro Yu M, Veis T (1978) Secondary products from wastes of apple juice production. Kinservn Ovoshchesush Prom St:39–40 (in Russian) (English abstract in Chem Abstr) 90(1):448, #4689
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kennedy, M. et al. (1999). Apple Pomace and Products Derived from Apple Pomace: Uses, Composition and Analysis. In: Linskens, H.F., Jackson, J.F. (eds) Analysis of Plant Waste Materials. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, vol 20. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03887-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03887-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08431-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03887-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive