Abstract
Nanowires make possible to manipulate light in novel methods and thus are promising materials for advanced optoelectronics. To exploit the potential, the growth behavior has to be controlled since it dominates the physical and chemical states and, in turn, the optical properties of nanowires. In this chapter, the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism for the growth and modulation of nanowires was discussed. The chapter first reviewed the fundamental aspects of the VLS mechanism. Then the state of the art of the growth and modulation of nanowires for optoelectronics were discussed from the point of view of the critical issues pertaining to this mechanism. Some examples of optoelectronic devices that had been fabricated based on the VLS mechanism were also reviewed in an effort to cover the cutting edge technology in this area. Lastly, a summary and several different perspectives on the VLS mechanism were presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Wagner, W.C. Ellis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 89 (1964); in Whisker Technology. ed. by A.P. Levitt (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1970)
H.-J. Choi, J.-G. Lee, J. Mat. Sci. 30, 1982 (1995)
Y. Wu, P. Yang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 3165 (2001)
F.M. Ross, J. Tersoff, M.C. Reuter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 146104 (2005)
V. Schmidt, J.V. Wittemann, S. Senz, U. Gosele, Adv. Mat. 21, 2681 (2009)
T.B. Massalski, P.R. Submanian, H. Okamoto, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1998)
E.A. Sutter, P.W. Sutter, ACS Nano 4, 4943 (2010)
H. Adhikari, A.F. Marshall, I.A. Goldthorpe, C.E.D. Chidsey, P.C. McIntyre, ACS Nano 1, 415 (2007)
E.J. Schwalbach, P.W. Voorhees, Nano Lett. 8, 3739 (2008)
S. Kodambaka, J. Tersoff, M.C. Reuter, F.M. Ross, Science 316, 729 (2007)
E.I. Givargozov, J. Cryst. Growth 31, 20 (1975)
T.I. Kamins, R.S. Williams, D.P. Basile, T. Hesjedal, J.S. Harris, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 1008 (2001)
K. Lew, J.M. Redwing, J. Cryst. Growth 254, 14 (2003)
J. Kikkawa, Y. Ohno, S. Takeda, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 123109–1 (2005)
M.H. Huang, Y.Wu, H. Feick, N. Tran, E. Weber, P. Yang, Adv. Mat. 13, 113 (2001)
H. Jeong, T.E. Park, H.K. Seong, M. Kim, U. Kim, H.J. Choi, Chem. Phys. Lett.467, 331 (2009)
T. Stelzner, G. Andra, E. Wendler, W. Wesch, R. Scholz, U. Gosele, S. Christiansen, Nanotechnology 17, 2895 (2006)
J.E. Allen, E.R. Hemesath, D.E. Perea, J.L. Lenscch-Falk, Z.Y. Li, F. Yin, M.H. Gass, P. Wang, A.L. Bleloch, R.E. Palmer, L.J. Lauhon, Nat. Nanotechnol., 3, 168. (2008)
J.B. Hannon, S. Kodambaka, F.M. Rossand, R.M. Tromp, Nature 440, 69 (2006)
Y. Ke, X. Weng, J.M. Redwing, C.M. Eichfeld, T.R. Swisher, S.E. Mohney, Y.M. Habib, Nano Lett. 9, 4494 (2009)
Y. Wang, V. Schmidt, S. Senz, U. Gosele, Nat. Nanotechnol. 1, 186 (2006)
P.X. Gao, Y. Ding, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 3, 1315 (2003)
J. Yoo, Y.-J. Hong, S. An, G.-C. Yi, B. Chon, T. Joo, J.-W. Kim, J.-S. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 043124–1 (2006)
B. Mandl, J. Stangl, E. Hilner, A.A. Zakharov, K. Hillerich, A.W. Dey, L. Samuelson, G. Bauer, K. Deppert, A. Mikkelsen, Nano Lett. 10, 4443 (2010)
L. Gao, R.L. Woo, B. Liang, M. Pozuelo, S. Prikhodko, M. Jackson, N. Goel, M.K. Hudait, D.L. Huffaker, M.S. Goorsky, S. Kodambaka, R.F. Hicks, Nano Lett. 9, 2223 (2009)
B. Delleyand, E.F. Steigmeier, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2370 (1995)
C. Harris, E.P. O’Reilly, Physica E 32, 341 (2006)
Y. Wu, Y. Cui, L. Huynh, C.J. Barrelet, D.C. Bell, C.M. Lieber, Nano Lett. 4, 433 (2004)
J. Goldberger, R. He, Y. Zhang, S. Lee, H. Yan, H.-J. Choi, P. Yang, Nature 422, 599 (2003)
M.S. Gudiksen, J. Wang, C.M. Lieber, J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 4036 (2002)
X. Wang, Y. Ding, C.J. Summers, Z.L. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8773 (2004)
L. Cao, J.S. White, J.-S. Park, J.A. Schuller, B.M. Clemens, M.L. Brongersma, Nat. Mater. 8, 643 (2009)
L. Hu, G. Chen, Nano Lett. 7, 3249 (2007)
U. Kim, T.-E. Park, I. Kim, H.-K. Seong, M.-H. Kim, J. Chang, J.-G. Park, H.-J. Choi, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 123903–1 (2009)
T. Kuykendall, P.J. Pauzauskie, Y. Zhang, J. Goldberger, D. Sirbuly, J. Denlinger, P. Yang, Nat. Mater. 3, 524 (2004)
Y.B. Tang, Z.H. Chen, H.S. Song, C.S. Lee, H.T. Cong, H.M. Cheng, W.J. Zhang, I. Bello, S.T. Lee, Nano Lett. 8, 4191 (2008)
Z. Zhong, F. Qian, D. Wang, C.M. Lieber,Nano Lett. 3, 343 (2003)
T. Mårtensson, C.P.T. Svensson, B.A. Wacaser, M.W. Larsson, W. Seifert, K. Deppert, A. Gustafsson, L.R. Wallenberg, L. Samuelson, Nano Lett. 4, 1987 (2004)
X.-Y. Bao, C. Soci, D. Susac, J. Bratvold, D.P.R. Aplin, W. Wei, C.-Y. Chen, S.A. Dayeh, K.L. Kavanagh, D. Wang, Nano Lett. 8, 3755 (2008)
M.H. Huang, S. Mao, H. Feick, H. Yan, Y. Wu, H. Kind, E. Weber, R. Russo, P. Yang, Science 292, 1897 (2001)
X. Wang, J. Song, P. Li, J.H. Ryou, R.D. Dupuis, C.J. Summers, Z.L. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 7920 (2005)
I. Levin, A. Davydov, B. Nikoobakht, N. Sanford, P. Mogilevsky, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 103110–1 (2005)
D. Li, C.Z. Ning, Nano Lett. 8, 4234 (2008)
F. Qian, Y. Li, S. Gradecak, H. Park, Y. Dong, Y. Ding, Z. Wang, C.M. Lieber, Nat. Mater. 7, 791 (2008)
H.-J. Choi, J.C. Johnson, R. He, S.-K. Lee, F. Kim, P. Pauzauskie, J. Goldberger, R.J. Saykally, P. Yang, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 8721 (2003)
P.D. Markowitz, M.P. Zach, P.C. Gibbons, R.M. Penner, W.E. Buhro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 4502 (2001)
H.-J. Choi, J.H. Shin, K. Suh, H.-K. Seong, H.-C. Han, J.-C. Lee, Nano Lett. 5, 2432(2005)
M.S. Gudiksen, L.J. Lauhon, J. Wang, D.C. Smith, C.M. Lieber, Nature 415, 617 (2002)
M.T. Bjork, B.J. Ohlsson, T. Sass, A.I. Persson, C. Thelander, M.H. Magnusson, K. Deppert, L.R. Wallenberg, L. Samuelson, Nano Lett. 2, 87 (2002)
Y. Wu, R. Fan, Peidong Yang, Nano Lett., 2, 83 (2002)
A. Fuhrer, L.E. Froberg, J.N. Pedersen, M.W. Larsson, A. Wacker, M.-E. Pistol, L. Samuelson, Nano Lett.7, 243 (2007)
R.E. Algra, M.A. Verheijen, M.T. Borgstrom, L. Feiner, G. Immink, W.J.P. VanEnckevort, E. Vlie, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, Nature, 456, 369–372 (2008)
H.-K. Seong, E.-K. Jeon, M.-H. Kim, H. Oh, J. Lee, J.-J. Kim, H.-J. Choi, Nano Lett. 8, 3656 (2008)
T. Kuykendall, P. Uurich, S. Aloni, P. Yang, Nat. Mater. 6, 951 (2007)
Y. Kim, H.J. Joyce, Q. Gao, H.H. Tan, C. Jagadish, M. Paladugu, J. Zou, A.A. Suvorova, Nano Lett. 6, 599 (2006)
Y. Cui, X. Duan, J. Hu, C.M. Lieber, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 5213 (2000)
H.-J. Choi, H.-K. Seong, J. Chang, K.-I. Lee, Y.-J. Park, J.-J. Kim, S.-K. Lee, R. He, T. Kuykendall, Peidong Yang, Adv. Mater. 17, 1351 (2005)
H.-K. Seong, J.-Y. Kim, J.-J. Kim, S.-C. Lee, S.-R. Kim, U. Kim, T.-E. Park, H.-J. Choi, Nano Lett. 7, 3366 (2007)
D.E. Perea, E.R. Hemesath, E.J. Schwalbach, J.L. Lensch-Falk, P.W. Voorhees, L.J. Lauhon, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 315 (2009)
X. Duan, Y. Huang, Y. Cui, J. Wang, C.M. Lieber, Nature 409, 66 (2001)
F. Qian, S. Gradecak, Y. Li, C.-Y. Wen, C.M. Lieber, Nano Lett. 5, 2287 (2005)
Y. Dong, B. Tian, T.J. Kempa, C.M. Lieber, Nano Lett. 9, 2183 (2009)
C.P.T. Svensson, T. Martensson, J. Tragardh, C. Larsson, M. Rask, D. Hessman, L. Samuelson, J. Ohlsson, Nanotechnology 19, 305201 (2008)
Y.B. Tang, Z.H. Chen, H.S. Song, C.S. Lee, H.T. Cong, H.M. Cheng, W.J. Zhang, I. Bello, S.T. Lee, Nano Lett. 8, 4191 (2008)
J. Bae, H. Kim, X.-M. Zhang, C.H Dang, Y. Zhang, Y.J. Choi, A. Nurmikko, Z.L Wang, Nanotechnology 21, 095502 (2010)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the National Research Laboratory program and Pioneer Program through the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation funded by the Ministry of Education, Science & Technology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Choi, HJ. (2012). Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth of Semiconductor Nanowires. In: Yi, GC. (eds) Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Devices. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22480-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22480-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-22479-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-22480-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)