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Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)

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Soil Health Management for Plantation Crops

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Abstract

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), the perennial tree crop, has a productive lifespan of six to seven decades. During its life cycle, soil plays a crucial role in sustaining its productivity, by providing the necessary physico-chemical and biological soil quality attributes for its sustenance. Soil health is the foundation for sustainable coconut production. The various soil health attributes need to be assessed and understood for designing the suitable location-specific management practices for sustainable production. In this regard, the constraints for production are to be assessed and monitored. Soil pollution as well as climate change also aggravate the already existing soil fertility constraints hindering the palm productivity. Technological options to improve the productivity while maintaining soil health, viz. efficient organic recycling techniques, integrated nutrient management, conservation agriculture, crop** system, cover crop**, and production of location-specific beneficial microbial consortia and nutrient application based on soil test, were reported. The fertility management strategies encompassing both the integrated nutrient management and organic management depending on the socioeconomic as well the ecological scenario need to be utilized for realizing the optimum production potential. Being ‘Kalpa Vriksha’ for human kind, residue recycling through composting techniques is of utmost importance. Approaches such as DRIS, digitization of soil fertility map at micro level, leaf analysis-based nutrition, and conservation agricultural practices are to be given focus in this regard. Microbial solubilizers for particular nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and silicon are to be identified for formulating location-specific soil health management strategies in coconut-based crop** system.

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Abbreviations

$:

US dollar

%:

Percentage

@:

At the rate

<:

Less than

>:

More than

μg:

Microgram

ACC-1:

Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

AICRP:

All India Co-ordinated Research Project

Al:

Aluminium

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

APM:

Adult palm mixture

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

B:

Boron

Ba:

Barium

Bi:

Bismuth

C:

Carbon

C:N:

Carbon/nitrogen ratio

Ca:

Calcium

CaO:

Calcium oxide

Cd:

Cadmium

CD:

Critical difference

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

CFE:

Chloroform fumigation-extraction

CFI:

Chloroform fumigation-incubation

CFU:

Colony-forming unit

CH4:

Methane

CILY:

Côte d’Ivoire Lethal Yellowing

cm:

Centimetre

cm2:

Square centimetre

cm3:

Cubic centimetre

cmol:

Centimol

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

COD:

Chowghat Orange Dwarf

Cr:

Chromium

Cu:

Copper

CUE:

Carbon use efficiency

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DRIS:

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System

EAN:

Enzyme activity number

Ec:

Electrical conductivity

Etc.:

So on

Fe:

Iron

FYM:

Farm yard manure

g:

Gram

h:

Hour

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

ha:

Hectare

IAA:

Indole acetic acid

INM:

Integrated nutrient management

K :

Potassium

K2O:

Potassium oxide

KCl:

Potassium chloride

kg:

Kilogram

L:

Litre

Mg:

Magnesium

mg:

Milligram

MGD:

Malayan Green Dwarf

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

mm:

Millimetre

MNF:

Multi-nutrient fertilizer

Mo:

Molybdenum

N:

Nitrogen

Na:

Sodium

NaCl:

Common salt

NGS:

Next-generation sequencing

NMR:

Nitrogen mineralization rate

NO3:

Nitrate

OM:

Organic matter

P:

Phosphorus

P2O5:

Phosphorus pentoxide

Pb:

Lead

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PGPR:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

pH:

Power of hydrogen

PLFA:

Phospholipid fatty acid

ppm:

Parts per million

qCO2:

Microbial metabolic quotient

rDNA:

Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

S:

Sulphur

Si:

Silicon

SMB:

Soil microbial biomass

SMBC:

Soil microbial biomass carbon

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SOM:

Soil organic matter

SQI:

Soil quality index

t:

Tonne

TPF:

Thiamine phyrophosphate

VAM:

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza

WCT:

West Coast Tall

WHO:

World Health Organization

yr:

Year

Zn:

Zinc

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  1. ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India

    P. Subramanian, Alka Gupta, Murali Gopal, V. Selvamani &  Surekha

  2. ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala, India

    Jeena Mathew & S. Indhuja

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  1. Former Director, ICAR- Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India

    George V Thomas

  2. Former Principal Scientist and Head, ICAR- Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kayamkulam, Kerala, India

    V. Krishnakumar

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Subramanian, P. et al. (2024). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). In: Thomas, G.V., Krishnakumar, V. (eds) Soil Health Management for Plantation Crops. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0092-9_2

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