Abstract
Greenhouse gas accumulation and climate change impact reduction requires widespread utilization of green technology. However, escalating demand for crops as a food source coupled with the finite availability of arable land makes cultivation of biofuel crops unsustainable. Algal biomass can be grown using non-arable areas such as lakes, oceans, or deserts, thus avoiding the current problem of land use competition with the food supply chain. Third-generation biofuels mainly consist of algal biofuels. However recently, hybrid use of algae for production of biofuels and also treating the wastewater for greenhouse gas reduction is gaining ground. Algae have the potential to produce valuable substances for the food, feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and waste treatment industries. Microalgae mass cultures using solar energy and concentrated CO2 sources can be used to produce renewable fuels such as methane, ethanol, biodiesel, oils and hydrogen and for other fossil fuel sparing products and processes. Recently developed hybrid technologies include biomass production, wastewater treatment, and GHG mitigation for production of prime products as biofuels. This also helps in atmospheric pollution control such as the reduction of GHG (CO2 fixation) and bioremediation of wastewater microalgae growth. However, the selection of efficient strain, cultivation systems, microbial metabolism, and biomass production are important steps of viable technology for microalgae-based biodiesel production and phytoremediation. This chapter will discuss the latest developments in area of selection, production, and accumulation of target bioenergy carrier’s strains, as well as the third-generation biofuels and hybrid technology for development of oil, biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, biogas production, and GHG mitigation.
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Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge with thanks the authors of the papers and figures used in this chapter with permission: Figure 10.1 Source: Abdel-Raouf, N., Al-Homaidan, A. A., and Ibraheem, I. B. (2012). Microalgae and wastewater treatment. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 19, 257–275. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.04.005. Open access: Reprinted with Licence no. 4880801372566 dated 2nd Aug 2020 RightsLink. Figure 10.2 Maity, J. P., Bundschuh, J., Chen, C.-Y., & Bhattacharya, P. (2014). Microalgae for third-generation biofuel production, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and wastewater treatment: Present and future perspectives – A mini review. Energy, 78, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.003. Reproduced with licence no 5064180534847 dated 8th May 2021. Figure 10.3 Li H, Watson J, Zhang Y, Lu H, Liu Z. Environment-enhancing process for algal wastewater treatment, heavy metal control and hydrothermal biofuel production: A critical review. Bioresour Technol. 2020 Feb; 298: 122421. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122421. Epub 2019 Nov 14. PMID: 31767428. Licence no 5065350239998 dated 10th May. Figure 10.4 Singh, J. S., Kumar, A., Rai, A. N., & Singh, D. P. (2016). Cyanobacteria: A Precious Bio-resource in Agriculture, Ecosystem, and Environmental Sustainability. Frontiers in microbiology, 7, 529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00529. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Figure 10.5 Kumar A., Singh J.S. (2017) Cyano Remediation: A Green-Clean Tool for Decontamination of Synthetic Pesticides from Agro- and Aquatic Ecosystems. In: Singh J., Seneviratne G. (eds) Agro-Environmental Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49727-3_4. Reproduced with RightsLink licence number 5071420183103 dated 17th May 2021. 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Bioprocess engineering principles of microalgal cultivation for sustainable biofuel production. Bioresource Technology Reports, 5, 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.08.001. Reproduced under Licencenumber 4906420744566 dated 12th September. Figure 10.9 Behera, B., Acharya, A., Gargey, I. A., Aly, N., & P, B. (2019). Bioprocess engineering principles of microalgal cultivation for sustainable biofuel production. Bioresource Technology Reports, 5, 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.08.001. Reproduced under Licence number 4906420744566 dated 12th September. Figure 10.10 Allen, J., Unlu, S., Demirel, Y. et al. Integration of biology, ecology and engineering for sustainable algal-based biofuel and bioproduct biorefinery. Bioresour. Bioprocess. 5, 47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-018-0233-5. 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This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Figure 10.16 Rodionova, M. V, Poudyal, R. S., Tiwari, I., Voloshin, R. A., Zharmukhamedov, S. K., Nam, H. G., Allakhverdiev, S. I. (2017). Biofuel production: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(12), 8450–8461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.125. License Number 4883421498494 dated Aug 07, 2020. Figure 10.17 Kazemi Shariat Panahi, H., Tabatabaei, M., Aghbashlo, M., Dehhaghi, M (2019). Recent updates on the production and upgrading of bio-crude oil from microalgae. Bioresource Technology Reports, 7, 100216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100216. Licence 4906430857910 dated 12th September 2020. Figure 10.18 Allen et al. Integration of biology, ecology and engineering for sustainable algal-based biofuel and bioproduct biorefinery. Bioresour. Bioprocess. 5, 47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-018-0233-5. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Kumar, A., Acharya, P., Jaiman, V. (2022). Third-Generation Hybrid Technology for Algal Biomass Production, Wastewater Treatment, and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. In: Arora, S., Kumar, A., Ogita, S., Yau, Y.Y. (eds) Innovations in Environmental Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4445-0_10
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