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Soziale Kognition

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Sozialpsychologie

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Zusammenfassung

Wie ist es uns möglich, uns selbst im Bruchteil einer Sekunde und auf der Grundlage minimaler Informationen einen ersten Eindruck von anderen Menschen zu bilden? Wie können wir überhaupt mit der Komplexität sozialer Informationen im Alltag umgehen? Warum nehmen wir andere Menschen in Abhängigkeit von der Situation und unseren eigenen Zielen und Bedürfnissen unterschiedlich wahr? Und wie bilden wir ein moralisches Urteil oder entwickeln Empathie für andere? In der Sozialpsychologie verwenden wir verschiedene Ansätze, um eine Vielzahl sozialpsychologischer Phänomene zu erklären, von denen wir hier nur einige genannt haben. Das vorliegende Kapitel konzentriert sich auf einen spezifischen Ansatz zur Erklärung sozialpsychologischer Phänomene, nämlich den Ansatz der sozialen Kognition. Dieser Ansatz hat zum Ziel, soziale Phänomene zu verstehen, indem er sich auf unterschiedliche allgemeine kognitive Prozesse stützt – darunter Lernen, Kategorisierung, die Aktivierung von Gedächtnisinhalten, Aufmerksamkeit und Denken. Das Kapitel folgt in der Struktur fünf übergeordneten Prinzipien der sozialen Kognition. Die ersten drei Prinzipien beziehen sich auf die Anpassung allgemeiner kognitiver Prozesse an soziale Phänomene und die Abhängigkeit dieser Phänomene von der gegebenen Situation sowie der Motivation der wahrnehmenden Person. Das vierte Prinzip besagt, dass soziale Kognition eine besondere Anpassung der Lebewesen an ihre sozialen Umwelten darstellen kann. Den Abschluss des Kapitels bildet das fünfte Prinzip, nach dem weder allgemeine noch spezifische soziale Prozesse genügen, um einige soziale Phänomene ausreichend zu erklären: Eine Kombination beider Ansätze ist vonnöten. Das Ziel dieses Kapitels ist es, einen Überblick über einen faszinierenden Ansatz zum Verständnis der breiten Vielfalt sozialpsychologischer Phänomene zu geben, die in den anderen Kapiteln dieses Buches genauer beschrieben werden.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland

    Roland Deutsch

  2. Universität Limerick, Limerick, Irland

    Jenny Roth

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  1. Psychologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz

    Johannes Ullrich

  2. Fakultät für Verhaltens- und Sozialwissenschaften, Universität Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Wolfgang Stroebe

  3. Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Miles Hewstone

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Deutsch, R., Roth, J. (2023). Soziale Kognition. In: Ullrich, J., Stroebe, W., Hewstone, M. (eds) Sozialpsychologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65297-8_4

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