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Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction

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Microextraction Techniques

Part of the book series: Integrated Analytical Systems ((ANASYS))

Abstract

The development of liquid phase microextraction methods has led to significant progress in extraction processes by overcoming several challenges associated with conventional liquid–liquid extraction techniques. Liquid phase microextraction is a more cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative that is easier to implement compared to the traditional method. However, the use of water immiscible solvents as extractants in both liquid–liquid and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction methods posed a challenge in extracting polar drugs. To address this limitation, homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction emerged as the preferred mode for extracting polar analytes from complex matrices. HLLME uses hydrophilic, water-miscible solvents as extractants, leading to the formation of a homogeneous phase between the extractant and aqueous media. Because there is no interface between the sample and the extractant, HLLME provides superior extraction efficiency compared to other modes of liquid phase microextraction. Phase separation can be achieved by adding chemicals such as salt or sugar or manipulating the extractant's physicochemical properties, such as temperature or pH. In this chapter, we provide a detailed discussion of different homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction modes, with emphasis on the fundamentals, the new developments and the applications.

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Abbreviations

ACN:

Acetonitrile

CHCl:

Choline chloride

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

EHLLME:

Emulsification induced homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction

HBA:

Hydrogen bond acceptor

HBD:

Hydrogen bond donor

HLLME:

Homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

LPME:

Liquid phase microextraction

LLME:

Liquid–liquid microextraction

PSA:

Phase separating agent

SALLME:

Salting-out induced liquid–liquid microextraction

SHS:

Switchable hydrophilic solvent

SULLME:

Sugaring-out induced liquid–liquid microextraction

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

IPA:

Isopropyl alcohol

SIPTE:

Solvent induced phase transition extraction

SULLE:

Sugaring-out induced liquid–liquid extraction

EF:

Enrichment factor

ISFME:

In situ Solvent formation microextraction

HLLE:

Homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction

IL:

Ionic liquid

SA-HLLME:

Surfactant-assisted HLLME

MA-IL-HLLME:

Microwave assisted-IL-HLLME

NPs:

Nanoparticles

APA:

Analytical process automation

DEHPA:

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid

HSLLME:

Hydrophobic substance induced HLLME

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Monufia, Egypt

    Alaa Bedair

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt

    Fotouh R. Mansour

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  1. Alaa Bedair
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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain

    Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain

    Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain

    Antonio V. Herrera-Herrera

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Bedair, A., Mansour, F.R. (2024). Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction. In: Rodríguez-Delgado, M.Á., Socas-Rodríguez, B., Herrera-Herrera, A.V. (eds) Microextraction Techniques. Integrated Analytical Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50527-0_10

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