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Groundwater in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of India: A Review on the Quality, Management and Challenges

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Groundwater in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

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Abstract

Groundwater and water supplied from the surface water are important sources for drinking in arid and semi-arid areas such as India. In India, arid and semi-arid regions cover approximately 15.8% and 37% respectively, which is roughly half of the total geographical area (about 3,287,263 km2). Groundwater in these regions is scarce; therefore, along with quantity, groundwater quality is a major concern in arid and semi-arid areas of India. Therefore, in the present work, groundwater quality was documented for arid and semi-arid regions of India and observed that groundwater in many regions is unsuitable for drinking. This review revealed that pollutants like nitrate, fluoride, arsenic, lead, toxic metals, etc. are higher than the safe limit as per WHO guidelines. It was found that supply of sufficient healthy water and continuous monitoring are the two major challenges in these regions. Besides this, lack of sustainable management practices was found in all the Indian states except Bihar where fluoride removal centre (FRC) and arsenic removal unit (ARU) have been installed. However, their continuous surveillance is challenging. This chapter highlights various pollutants in the groundwater, along with management and major challenges for providing safe water in arid and semi-arid regions.

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Abbreviations

EC:

Electrical Conductivity

TDS:

Total Dissolved Solids

TH:

Total Hardness

Ca2+:

Calcium

Mg2+:

Magnesium

TA:

Total Alkalinity

SO42−:

Sulpahte

NO3−:

Nitrate

Cl:

Chloride

F:

Fluoride

Na:

Sodium

K:

Potassium

As:

Arsenic

WQI:

Water Quality Index

Fe:

Iron

Zn:

Zinc

Mn:

Manganese

HCO3−:

Bicarbonate

Hg:

Mercury

Pb:

Lead

Cd:

Cadmium

LULC:

Land use land cover

Cr:

Chromium

Cu:

Copper

HRI:

Health Risk Index

mg/L:

Miligram per litre

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Acknowledgements

The corresponding author would like to thanks to Dr. Varun Tyagi for his continuous support in map preparation. We also acknowledge our thanks to the editors for their support during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Keral Verma Subharti College of Science (KVSCOS), Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, 250005, UP, India

    Faheem Ahamad

  2. IIMT University, O Pocket Ganga Nagar, Meerut, 250001, UP, India

    Sandeep Kumar Tyagi

  3. Keral Verma Subharti College of Science (KVSCOS), Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, 250005, UP, India

    Mahavir Singh

  4. Enviro Analytical Laboratories LLP, Haridwar, 249407, Uttarakhand, India

    Arun Kumar Sharma

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  1. Faheem Ahamad
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  2. Sandeep Kumar Tyagi
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Correspondence to Faheem Ahamad .

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Shakir Ali

  2. Irrigation and Hydraulics Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    Asaad Mater Armanuos

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Ahamad, F., Tyagi, S.K., Singh, M., Sharma, A.K. (2023). Groundwater in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of India: A Review on the Quality, Management and Challenges. In: Ali, S., Armanuos, A.M. (eds) Groundwater in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas. Earth and Environmental Sciences Library. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43348-1_2

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