Abstract
Rainwater is one of the major sources of freshwater for harvesting to enhance the freshwater resource, especially from the management perspective. The present study has attempted to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of ion chemistry in the rainwater of Kuwait by collecting samples from industrial and residential regions. Fifty samples were collected at 12 different locations during the wet period from November 2018 to December 2019, and the parameters EC, TDS, pH, and major and minor ions were analyzed. The average pH (7.10 and 7.16) of rainwater in each region was alkaline. In industrial areas, SO42− was the most dominant ion, followed by Ca2+ and other ions, whereas in residential, HCO3− and SO42− showed the highest concentrations. Ionic ratios were computed to understand the influence of anthropogenic activity and the neutralizing ions. The enrichment factors calculated for the samples identified that crustal, marine, and anthropogenic sources of the neutralizing ions have influenced the rainwater chemistry. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the anthropogenic influence is more significant from oil refineries, apart from other industrial activities, and sea salt fractions.
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Samayamanthula, D.R., Sabarathinam, C., Al-Ajeel, F.K. (2023). Hydrochemical Attributes and Their Spatial Variation in the Rainwater of Kuwait. In: Chenchouni, H., et al. Recent Research on Hydrogeology, Geoecology and Atmospheric Sciences . MedGU 2021. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43169-2_2
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