Abstract
Background: Affectivity has been suggested as a complex adaptive meta-system composed of positive affect and negative affect, two independent but interrelated markers of well-being, that can be represented as four distinct affective profiles: self-fulfilling (high positive affect/low negative affect), high affective (high positive affect/high negative affect), low affective (low positive affect/low negative affect), and self-destructive (low positive affect/high negative affect). This model has been extensively studied during the last two decades and operationalized through well-developed self-report inventories (e.g., the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS) that use fixed items and rating scales (e.g., 5-point Likert scales). However, this type of self-reports preimpose which feelings and emotions that are part of people’s affective experiences. In other words, they do not allow people to freely describe their own emotional well-being at all levels of health: physical, psychological, and social.
Aim: In this Chapter, we use computational methods (i.e., quantitative semantics) to study how the meaning of words that people freely generate to describe their physical, psychological, and social well-being can be quantified to measure positive affect and negative affect. We then use these semantic estimates of affect for affectivity profiling. The “semantic” affective profiles were validated by (1) map** them to people’s self-reported affectivity (i.e., PANAS-scores) and (2) by investigating which words significantly discriminate between individuals with distinct “semantic” affective profiles.
Method: Participants (N = 523) were asked to describe their physical, psychological, and social well-being using five words for each well-being domain. In addition, participants self-reported their affectivity through the PANAS. The affectivity profiling was done using the median splits method with participants’ PANAS-scores and then with the language-based semantic estimates of positive affect and negative affect.
Results: The diagnostic analyses showed that people used significantly different and semantically distinctive words to describe their well-being: physical well-being using material words and agentic verbs; psychological well-being using emotional adjectives; and social well-being using communal words and nouns. Regarding our main analyses, the semantic estimates of positive affect predicted the positive affect PANAS-scores (physical: r = 0.31, psychological: r = 0.33, and social: r = 0.19) and the semantic estimates of negative affect predicted the negative affect PANAS-scores (physical: r = 0.27, psychological: r = 0.41, and social: r = 0.17). Moreover, individuals with a self-fulfilling profile used agentic (e.g., power, strong, intelligent, determined), communal (e.g., loving, kind, caring, support, hel**, sharing, honest), and transcendental (e.g., spiritual, creative, and meaningful) words when describing their well-being, while those with a self-destructive profile used words that mirrored an outlook of separateness and poorly developed character and health (e.g., depressed, sad, anxious, guilty, isolated, lonely, pain, overweight, unhealthy, sick). Finally, individuals with high affective and low affective profiles used neutral words (e.g., aging, normal, average) and function words (e.g., on, the, and at), but also words mirroring extrovert (high affective: work, fun, and co-worker) and introvert tendencies (low affective: connected, close, and respect).
Conclusions: We conclude that quantitative semantics is a promising method for affectivity profiling that should be further investigated. More specifically, the semantic estimates of affectivity derived from people’s own descriptions of their physical, psychological, and social well-being capture better the true nature of affect—after all, the affectivity dimensions involve more mood-related and social features and are not purely a measure of unconscious emotions or only certain emotions, but rather a conscious apprehension of the full range of our affective experience, which is an independent and interactive part of all well-being domains.
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Notes
- 1.
For this Chapter, we only describe quantitative semantics very briefly and recommend the reader to see more details in Sikström & Garcia, 2020; where we provide a detailed introduction to the theory and methods of quantitative semantics and research that applies these statistical methods to texts and people’s written narratives in various fields in behavioral science, such as, cognitive psychology, linguistics, personality psychology, social psychology, and etcetera.
- 2.
For a substantial critical review on this topic, please see: https://replicationindex.com/2022/05/28/hedonimus/
- 3.
- 4.
Russell (1980), for example, has shown that rather than being completely independent, affect might be interrelated in a two-dimensional circumplex model containing not only arousal (vertical axis: activation vs. deactivation) but also a valence dimension (horizontal axis: pleasant vs. unpleasant). For example, while Watson et al. (1988) see serenity as low levels of negative affect, Russell and colleagues (1999) conceptualize serenity as a pleasant feeling with low activation.
- 5.
Honesty is a strength clustered under the character Integrity, which is defined as “Speaking the truth but more broadly presenting oneself in a genuine way and acting in a sincere way; being without pretense; taking responsibility for one’s feelings and actions” (Peterson & Seligman, 2004, p. 29). Honesty is, together with other character strengths, clustered as the virtue Caring (Moreira et al., 2021). The development of this virtue is, in turn, driven by coherent character development (Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence), but specially Cooperativeness (Moreira et al., 2021), thus, making honesty communal.
- 6.
Creativity is innovation that is “(1) original (i.e., using imagination or innovative ideas to solve problems or to invent new and better solutions to traditional approaches, as is characteristic of highly self-transcendent people), (2) adaptive (i.e., a realistic way to use available resources to make something suitable for a new use or purpose, as is characteristic of highly self-directed people), and (3) beneficial (i.e., being favorable, helpful, or advantageous for others so that it becomes adopted by the culture or social group, as is characteristic of highly cooperative people)” (Mezzich et al., 2016, p. 50). Recent molecular analyses of the genomes of Sapiens and our closest hominid relatives, chimpanzees and Neanderthals, show that there is a unique association of coincident changes in brain with cognitive functions for self-awareness and creativity (Zwir et al., 2022; see also Orwig et al., 2022). More specifically, only Sapiens have the genotypic network for self-awareness and self-transcendence (Zwir et al., 2022), thus, making creativity self-transcendental.
- 7.
Research on emotional writing shows that, although almost without meaning by their own, the way people use function words (e.g., I, we, you, they, and, with) is significantly related to mental and physical health, personality traits, as well as other important outcomes such as academic success (e.g., Campbell & Pennebaker, 2003; Chung & Pennebaker, 2007; Pennebaker, 1997, 2011; Pennebaker & King, 1999).
- 8.
Even though self-actualization is often erroneously thought as a need at the top of physiological needs, the need for safety, the need for love and belonging, and the need for self-esteem; Maslow (1969) criticized and revised self-actualization to include self-transcendent values.
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Garcia, D., Sikström, S. (2023). Innovative Methods for Affectivity Profiling: Quantitative Semantics. In: Garcia, D. (eds) The Affective Profiles Model. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24220-5_4
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