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Plural Policing in Norway: Regulation, Collaboration, and the Public Interests

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Plural Policing in the Global North

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Abstract

It has become a truism that policing is no longer the monopoly of the (public) police, and reference has been made to “policing beyond, below, above, and through the government,” “the policing complex,” and “the mixed economy of policing” to capture the emergence of (other) public, private, or volunteer policing actors. Following the trend of pluralization, policing scholars have examined concepts such as networks, partnerships, and alliances, but also the regulatory regimes, to make sense of the unique characteristics and diversity of plural policing practices in different (inter)national contexts. The existing scholarship on Nordic plural policing is, however, still limited, and more studies are needed to develop a fuller understanding of Nordic plural policing practices and of how they have changed. Drawing on empirically grounded research in the Norwegian context of (plural) policing of global hubs, this chapter aims to; first, examine how the dynamics of private security regulation affect and set conditions for the working practices of policing actors; second, unpack the public–private partnerships that evolve to secure global hubs; and third, discuss the role of the state in plural policing arrangements in Norway. By doing this, the chapter will contribute with new empirical and conceptual insights into plural policing and security governance from the Nordic context.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Relational ties were operationalized as (1) physical interactions between actors on issues concerning security and policing, such as meetings or briefings, (2) the transfer of information, expertise, and knowledge, (3) the pooling of common resources, such as CCTV and communication equipment, and (4) the physical movement of actors, such as joint operations and task forces (Brewer 2014). To measure these ties, respondents were asked to name organizations with which partnerships—either formal or informal—had been maintained over the previous 12 months.

  2. 2.

    The principles suggest that (1) the police should reflect the ideals of society, (2) be of a civilian character, (3) unitary, (4) decentralized, (5) police officers should be generalists, (6) the police should have close cooperation and interaction with the public, (7) the police should be integrated into the local community, (8) representativeness, (9) have prevention as the main goal, and (10) the police should be subject to effective control from the public.

  3. 3.

    In graph theory, geodesic distance refers to the shortest distance or path between two nodes in a network (Borgatti et al. 2013). The average geodesic distance is applied for the network as a whole.

  4. 4.

    Centralization is a measurement at the macro-level and a network with a high centralization index implies that the network is dominated by one or a few nodes (Wasserman and Faust 1994).

  5. 5.

    The betweenness centrality captures the probability of a node to fall along the shortest path between any two nodes in the network (Borgatti et al. 2013; Wasserman and Faust 1994).

  6. 6.

    Nordic penal exceptionalism refers to both low rates of imprisonment in the Nordic countries and relatively benign prison conditions (Pakes 2020).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway

    Martin Nøkleberg

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  1. Martin Nøkleberg
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Correspondence to Martin Nøkleberg .

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  1. University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Nathalie Hirschmann

  2. University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Tobias John

  3. University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Frauke Reichl

  4. University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Jacqueline Abigail Garand

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Nøkleberg, M. (2022). Plural Policing in Norway: Regulation, Collaboration, and the Public Interests. In: Hirschmann, N., John, T., Reichl, F., Garand, J.A. (eds) Plural Policing in the Global North. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16273-2_8

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