Abstract
This chapter focuses on mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids as essential nutrients with emphasis on linoleic (LIN), α-linolenic (ALA), arachidonic (ARA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). The common classification of LC-PUFA requirements of fishes, based on dichotomies of warmwater vs. coldwater and freshwater vs. marine, is challenged and reconfirmed—at least in parts. The Janus-faced character of ARA is revisited, and the essentiality of this PUFA becomes increasingly obvious, almost comparable to EPA or DHA. Studies are beginning to show that epigenetics is essential in controlling action of EFAs and in inheriting of metabolic features to offspring. Less well studied is the role of intestinal microorganisms in host’s growth, health, immunity, and further traits.
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Notes
- 1.
Erucic acid, a monounsaturated ω9 C22 FA, is considered an anti-nutritional factor in seeds of Brassica sp., and corresponding papers will be reviewed in AAN III “Fish Oil Replacement.”
- 2.
ghr-I, ghr-II growth hormone receptors I and II; igf-I, igf-II insulin-like growth factors I and II. Nesfatin-1-like peptide is a novel anorexigen modulated by sex steroids, macronutrients, and daily rhythm. Increased nesfatin-1 in the hypothalamus contributes to diminished hunger and provides a “sense of fullness.” Furthermore, nesfatin-1 suppresses fish reproductive axis and gonadal steroidogenesis (Rajeswari and Unniappan 2020).
- 3.
Eicosanoids in reproduction and behavior →Chap. 29.
- 4.
Interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 is involved in signaling innate immune responses from Toll-like receptors; it also supports signaling from T-cell receptors (Takaesu et al. 2001). TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAF proteins) are associated with signal transduction from members of the TNF receptor superfamily (**e 2013). Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 mediates the signal transduction induced by TGF-β and morphogenetic protein and controls a variety of cell functions including transcription regulation and apoptosis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 belongs to stress-activated serine/threonine-specific kinases and is activated by various environmental stresses and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Long et al. 2013).
- 5.
Also Delta 6 desaturase (D6D or Δ6 desaturase) named so because it was thought to convert only ω6 FAs but actually converts also some others. It is obligatory to build the longer chain ω3 FAs from other simpler FAs (Glaser et al. 2010). Furthermore, the conversion of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid, 16:0) to hexadecenoic acid (16:1ω10) was observed (Guillou et al. 2003).
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Steinberg, C.E.W. (2022). Essential Fatty Acids—‘Fueling Versus Controlling’. In: Aquatic Animal Nutrition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87227-4_27
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