Abstract
A two part experiment was conducted to assess the response of barramundi (Lates calcarifer; initial weight = 10.3 ± 0.03 g; mean ± S.D.) fed one of five diets with varying eicosapentaenoic acid (diets 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg) or one of four diets with varying arachidonic acid (1, 6, 12, 18 g/kg) against a fish oil control diet. After 6 weeks of feeding, the addition of EPA or ARA did not impact on growth performance or feed utilisation. Analysis of the whole body fatty acids showed that these reflected those of the diets. The ARA retention demonstrated an inversely related curvilinear response to either EPA or ARA. The calculated marginal utilisation efficiencies of EPA and ARA were high (62.1 and 91.9 % respectively) and a dietary ARA requirement was defined (0.012 g/kg0.796/day). The partial cDNA sequences of genes regulating eicosanoid biosynthesis were identified in barramundi tissues, namely cyclooxygenase 1 (Lc COX1a, Lc COX1b), cyclooxygenase 2 (Lc COX2) and lipoxygenase (Lc ALOX-5). Both Lc COX2 and Lc ALOX-5 expression in the liver tissue were elevated in response to increasing dietary ARA, meanwhile expression levels of Lc COX2 and the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (Lc CPT1a) were elevated in the kidney. A low level of EPA increased the expression of Lc COX1b in the liver. Consideration should be given to the EPA to ARA balance for juvenile barramundi in light of nutritionally inducible nature of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes.
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Abbreviations
- ARA:
-
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6)
- C18PUFA:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)
- cDNA:
-
Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin G/H synthase)
- DHA:
-
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)
- EPA:
-
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)
- Lc:
-
Lates calcarifer
- LC-PUFA:
-
Long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)
- LOX:
-
Lipoxygenase (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase)
- MUFA:
-
Monounsaturated fatty acid(s)
- RNA:
-
Ribonucleic acid
- SFA:
-
Saturated fatty acid(s)
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank and acknowledge the technical assistance provided by CSIRO Agriculture staff including David Blyth, Natalie Habilay, Simon Irvin, and David Poppi at the Bribie Island Research Centre (BIRC), Queensland, Australia. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. However, we would like to acknowledge the CSIRO Agriculture for financial assistance. There are no conflicts of interest to report.
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Salini, M.J., Wade, N.M., Araújo, B.C. et al. Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Arachidonic Acid and Eicosanoid Metabolism in Juvenile Barramundi Lates calcarifer . Lipids 51, 973–988 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-016-4167-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-016-4167-4