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Programmed Necrosis in Host Defense

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Alternate Programmed Cell Death Signaling in Antiviral Host Defense

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 442))

Abstract

Host control over infectious disease relies on the ability of cells in multicellular organisms to detect and defend against pathogens to prevent disease. Evolution affords mammals with a wide variety of independent immune mechanisms to control or eliminate invading infectious agents. Many pathogens acquire functions to deflect these immune mechanisms and promote infection. Following successful invasion of a host, cell autonomous signaling pathways drive the production of inflammatory cytokines, deployment of restriction factors and induction of cell death. Combined, these innate immune mechanisms attract dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages as well as innate lymphoid cells such as natural killer cells that all help control infection. Eventually, the development of adaptive pathogen-specific immunity clears infection and provides immune memory of the encounter. For obligate intracellular pathogens such as viruses, diverse cell death pathways make a pivotal contribution to early control by eliminating host cells before progeny are produced. Pro-apoptotic caspase-8 activity (along with caspase-10 in humans) executes extrinsic apoptosis, a nonlytic form of cell death triggered by TNF family death receptors (DRs). Over the past two decades, alternate extrinsic apoptosis and necroptosis outcomes have been described. Programmed necrosis, or necroptosis, occurs when receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) activates mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL), causing cell leakage. Thus, activation of DRs, toll-like receptors (TLRs) or pathogen sensor Z-nucleic acid binding protein 1 (ZBP1) initiates apoptosis as well as necroptosis if not blocked by virus-encoded inhibitors. Mammalian cell death pathways are blocked by herpesvirus- and poxvirus-encoded cell death suppressors. Growing evidence has revealed the importance of Z-nucleic acid sensor, ZBP1, in the cell autonomous recognition of both DNA and RNA virus infection. This volume will explore the detente between viruses and cells to manage death machinery and avoid elimination to support dissemination within the host animal.

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Abbreviations

ADAR:

Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA genes

BCL:

B-cell lymphoma

CASP:

Caspase

cFLIP:

Cellular FLICE inhibitory protein

DD:

Death domain

DRs:

Death receptors

DNA:

Deoxy-ribonucleic acid

DAI:

DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors

dsRNA:

Double-stranded RNA

FADD:

FAS-associated death domain

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

HCMV:

Human cytomegalovirus

IFN:

Interferon

IFN:

Type-I interferon

IRF:

IFN-regulatory factor

ISG:

IFN-stimulated gene

MLKL:

Mixed lineage kinase-like

MCMV:

Murine cytomegalovirus

NK:

Natural killer

NLR:

NOD-like receptor

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

PAMP:

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

PCD:

Programmed cell death

PKR:

Protein kinase R

RIPK:

Receptor interacting protein kinase

RHIM:

Receptor interacting protein homotypic interaction motif

ssRNA:

Ribonucleic acid

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TNFR:

TNF receptor

VACV:

Vaccinia virus

wt:

Wild type

Z-NA:

Z-form nucleic acid

Zα:

Z-nucleic acid binding

ZBP1:

Z-nucleic acid binding protein 1

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  1. Robert W. Woodruff Professor Emeritus, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Edward S. Mocarski

  2. Professor Emeritus, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Edward S. Mocarski

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  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Edward S. Mocarski

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, Biology and Biochemistry Programs, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA

    Pratyusha Mandal

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Mocarski, E.S. (2023). Programmed Necrosis in Host Defense. In: Mocarski, E.S., Mandal, P. (eds) Alternate Programmed Cell Death Signaling in Antiviral Host Defense. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 442. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2023_264

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