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Design and Fabrication of a High-Performance Sensor for Formaldehyde Detection Based on Graphene-TiO2/Ag Electrode

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Abstract

This research explores the heightened sensitivity of the electrochemical formaldehyde detection achieved by incorporating a modified graphene paste electrode with a titanium dioxide-silver (TiO2/Ag) composite (GTA). The G-TiO2 matrix was augmented with varying masses of silver modifiers, namely, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g, aiming to establish the most effective composition for formaldehyde detection. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the material’s composition, revealing GTA electrode nanocomposites consisting of carbon, oxygen, titanium, and silver with the compositions of 77.05, 19.46, 2.39, and 1.11%, respectively. An electrochemical analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of the developed electrode in a 1 M K3[Fe(CN)6] solution. Furthermore, a real sample testing was performed to evaluate the practical utility of the electrode gauging its efficiency through the calculation of percentage recovery before and after treatment. The GTA electrode with a 0.4 g Ag modifier exhibited the optimal performance, as evidenced by a Horwitz Ratio stability test result of 1.38% and a limit of detection of 0.0168 µg/L. This research highlights the promising potential of the GTA electrode for the precise and sensitive formaldehyde detection, particularly in processed food products.

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Funding

The authotrs acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia under the Fundamental Research award grants no. DIPA-023.17.1.690523/2023 and no. 49/UN29.20/PG/2023.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, 93232, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

    Muhammad Natsir, Muhammad Nurdin, Thamrin Azis, La Ode Muhammad Zuhdi Mulkiyan & Maulidiyah Maulidiyah

  2. Postgraduate School of Airlangga University, 60115, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

    Zainal Rahmad Syah

  3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Sains and Technology, Airlangga University, 60115, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

    Suryani Dyah Astuti

  4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Technology and Health, Institut Sains Teknologi dan Kesehatan (ISTEK) Aisyiyah Kendari, 93116, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

    La Ode Agus Salim

  5. Department of Marine Sciences, Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Muhammadiyah Kolaka, 93511, Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

    Faizal Mustapa

  6. Nickel Research Institute, University of Muhammadiyah Kendari, 93127, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

    Muhammad Nurdin & Ahmad Zulfan

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  1. Muhammad Natsir
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Correspondence to Muhammad Nurdin.

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Muhammad Natsir, Nurdin, M., Syah, Z.R. et al. Design and Fabrication of a High-Performance Sensor for Formaldehyde Detection Based on Graphene-TiO2/Ag Electrode. Surf. Engin. Appl.Electrochem. 60, 247–255 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375524020078

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