Abstract
Background
MicroRNAs are a group of small non-coding RNAs that are involved in development and diseases such as cancer. Previously, we demonstrated that miR-335 is crucial for preventing collagen type XI alpha 1 (COL11A1)-mediated epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) progression and chemoresistance. Here, we examined the role of miR-509-3p in EOC.
Methods
The patients with EOC who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery and postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy were recruited. Their clinic-pathologic characteristics were collected, and disease-related survivals were determined. The COL11A1 and miR-509-3p mRNA expression levels of 161 ovarian tumors were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, miR-509-3p hypermethylation was evaluated by sequencing in these tumors. The A2780CP70 and OVCAR-8 cells transfected with miR-509-3p mimic, while the A2780 and OVCAR-3 cells transfected with miR-509-3p inhibitor. The A2780CP70 cells transfected with a small interference RNA of COL11A1, and the A2780 cells transfected with a COL11A1 expression plasmid. Site-directed mutagenesis, luciferase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed in this study.
Results
Low miR-509-3p levels were correlated with disease progression, a poor survival, and high COL11A1 expression levels. In vivo studies reinforced these findings and indicated that the occurrence of invasive EOC cell phenotypes and resistance to cisplatin are decreased by miR-509-3p. The miR-509-3p promoter region (p278) is important for miR-509-3p transcription regulation via methylation. The miR-509-3p hypermethylation frequency was significantly higher in EOC tumors with a low miR-509-3p expression than in those with a high miR-509-3p expression. The patients with miR-509-3p hypermethylation had a significantly shorter overall survival (OS) than those without miR-509-3p hypermethylation. Mechanistic studies further indicated that miR-509-3p transcription was downregulated by COL11A1 through a DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) stability increase. Moreover, miR-509-3p targets small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-3 to regulate EOC cell growth, invasiveness, and chemosensitivity.
Conclusion
The miR-509-3p/DNMT1/SUMO-3 axis may be an ovarian cancer treatment target.
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Background
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a highly lethal and heterogeneous disease characterized by a distinctive propensity for peritoneal spread, whereas metastasis to distant organs only tends to occur in the late stages [1]. The standard EOC treatment includes cytoreductive surgery followed by combination chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel; however, some patients relapse due to chemoresistance, and can even die from the disease [2]. Therefore, it is important to identify markers that predict the patient outcome, which may enable the development of prognostic or therapeutic biomarkers.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNAs (approximately 22 nt), have a post-transcriptional regulation function of binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of target mRNAs, resulting in mRNA degradation or translation inhibition [3,4,5,6]. An altered miRNA expression has been reported in almost all human cancer types. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, being involved in multiple pathways and cell functions related to cancer development and progression, such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and resistance to therapy [3,4,5,6,7,DNA isolation and bisulfite sequencing analysis Genomic DNA was isolated using a QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). Sodium bisulfite modification of the DNA was performed using an EZ DNA Methylation-Gold Kit (Zymo) according to the protocol of the manufacturer. The two CpG sites of the miR-509-3p promoter region were amplified via PCR using the bisulfite-modified DNA template. The methylated allele (M1) was amplified using the primers miR-509-3p-F (5′-GGTATAGAATATTTAGTATGTGG-3′) and miR-509-3p-R (5′-TTTCTATTTTATTTCTCTTTT-3′) and the methylated allele (M2) was amplified using the primers miR-509-3p-F (5′-AGGAAGAAAGAATAAGTTATTTA-3′) and miR-509-3p-R (5′-AAAACAATTA TTTCTTATATT-3′). The PCR product was analyzed using a BigDye Terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and an ABI 3730 automated capillary sequencer. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against human COL11A1 (sc-72956-SH), and a non-targeting negative control target (sc-108060) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). COL11A1 cDNA plasmid (BC117697, GE Healthcare) was cloned into a pCMV6-AC-GFP vector (PS100010, OriGene), followed by verification via sequencing. SUMO-3 (HG12782-UT) cDNA plasmid was purchased from Sino Biological (Bei**g, China). miR-509-3p mimics (MC12984), mimics negative control (4464058), miR-509-3p inhibitor (MH12984), and inhibitor negative control (4,464,076) were purchased from Ambion (Foster City, CA, USA). A2780CP70 or OVCAR-8 cells were transfected with miR-509-3p mimics and SUMO-3 in combination using Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Following protein extraction, equal amounts of protein were separated using 8–15% sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [12]. Antibodies against COL11A1 (GTX55142), DNMT1 (GTX116011), DNMT3A (GTX129125), and DNMT3B (GTX129127) were obtained from GeneTex (Irvine, CA, USA). An anti-β-actin antibody (sc-47778) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA), whereas antibodies against Akt (9272), phospho-Akt (Ser473, 9271), ubiquitin (58,395), mouse IgG (7076), and rabbit IgG (7074) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). An antibody against phospho-DNMT1 (Ser84) was purchased from Affinity Biosciences (Melbourne, Australia). An antibody against phospho-DNMT1 (Ser154) was purchased from Bioss Antibodies (Woburn, MASS, USA). An antibody against SUMO-3 was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). An antibody against p16 (AF5484) was purchased from Affinity Biosciences (Bath, UK). 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza) and MG132 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Cisplatin (Fresenius Kabi Oncology, Ltd.) was provided by the Cancer Center of National Cheng Kung University Hospital. Cells (104/well) were seeded on 96-well flat-bottomed microtiter plates, and then transfected with miR-509-3p mimics or miR-509-3p inhibitor and cultured for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. For co-transfection, before miR-509-3p mimic treatment, the cells in the exponential growth phase were pretreated with SUMO-3 overexpression plasmids for 24 h and cultured for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. For cisplatin treatment, after transfection with miR-509-3p or miR-509-3p inhibitor for 24 h, cells were treated with different cisplatin doses. After 48 h of incubation, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of these treatments were determined using an MTT assay (at 570 nm) and the cell viability was expressed as the percentage of control (untreated) cells (% of control). The MTT analysis was conducted as previously reported [12]. The Transwell cell invasion assay was performed using polycarbonate membranes with 8 μm pores (Costar, Cambridge, MA, USA). Cells (5 × 104) were seeded on the membrane of the upper chamber of the Transwell pre-coated with rat collagen I (60 µg/Transwell). Fibronectin in medium (0.6 mL) was added to the lower chamber as the chemoattractant in a 24 h assay at 37 °C under 5% CO2. The remaining cells in the upper chamber that did not migrate were removed using a cotton swab. The filters were fixed in 95% ethanol and stained with 0.005% crystal violet for 1 h. Migrated cells were counted using a phase-contrast microscope (Olympus, Lake Success, NY, USA). The mean of 10 contiguous fields represented the cell number. Each experimental condition was assayed in triplicate. used. The invasive capacity of cells was normalized to that of each corresponding control. One-sample unpaired Student's t-test was conducted to analyze the differences between the normalized invasive capacities obtained from the three independent experiments and the hypothetical value (which was set to 1). The SUMO-3 3′-UTR fragments with wild-type miR-509-3p binding sites (Wt) or mutated binding sites (Mut) were inserted into a pGL4 vector (Promega). The SUMO-3 3′-UTR PCR product was cloned into the SacI/EcoRV site of the pGL4 vector. The following primers were used to target the SUMO-3 3′-UTR: forward, 5′-TTCACCACGATGATTTTCCT-3′ and reverse, 5′-GCACACAAAAGTACCCACAATATC-3′. The resultant construct was confirmed using DNA sequencing. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to generate SUMO-3 3′-UTR constructs containing miR-509-3p mutant-binding sites by using the following complementary oligonucleotides: forward, 5′-CTGTAACTTAAATTGGGTTAATCAG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CTGATTAACCCAAT TTAAGTTACAG-3′. A2780CP70 or OVCAR-8 cells were transfected with the vector and the miR-509-3p mimics in combination. We performed luciferase assays 48 h post-transfection using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega). The normalized luciferase activity was reported as the ratio of luciferase activity to β-galactosidase activity. The activities of firefly luciferase and Renilla luciferase were measured as described previously [12]. Native protein–DNA complexes were cross-linked via treatment with 1% formaldehyde for 15 min, and ChIP assays were performed as previously reported [13]. Briefly, equal amounts of isolated chromatin were subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-DNMT1, anti-DNMT3A, anti-DNMT3B, and IgG monoclonal antibodies. Primers with the following sequences were used for the ChIP assays: miR-509-3p forward, 5′-GGTACAGAACATTCAGCATGTGG-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGAAAACTAGAAAAC TGTACAAA-3′. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 21.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages and were analyzed using Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or as the median ± interquartile range. Interval variables were analyzed using Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. The cut-off values obtained based on the receiver operating characteristic curve for miR-509-3p, COL11A1 and miR-335 were optimized for their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in predicting cancer progression or death. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and was compared using the log-rank test. Two-sided P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Cox proportional hazards models were implemented to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Plasmid constructs and transfection
Western blot analysis, antibodies, and reagents
Cell proliferation and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay
Transwell invasion assay
Luciferase reporter analysis
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays
Statistical analysis
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the National Science Council (MOST: No. 108-2314-B-384-011-MY3, 108-2314-B-006-061-MY2 110-2314-006-036). The study was also supported by grants from the Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus (CMNCKU10801, CMLMOST10901, CLFHR10911, CLFHR10921, CLFHR11015, CMLMOST11101, and CLFHR11117).
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the National Science Council (MOST: No. 108–2314-B-384–011-MY3, 108–2314-B-006–061-MY2 110–2314-006–036). The study was also supported by grants from the Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus (CMNCKU10801, CMLMOST10901, CLFHR10911, CLFHR10921, CLFHR11015, CMLMOST11101, and CLFHR11117).
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Y.-H.W. designed and performed the experiments; Y.-H.W., Y.-F.H., P.-Y.W., T.-H.C., and S.-C.H. analyzed the clinical data and discussed the results; Y.-H.W., Y.-F.H., and C.-Y.C. drafted the article. All authors have read and agreed to the published the manuscript.
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This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and the research protocol was approved by the National Cheng Kung University Hospital Institutional Review Board (No. B-ER-107–396) and the Institutional Review Board of Chi Mei Medical Center (10808-L03). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
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Additional file 1:
Figure S1. Left panel: the SUMO-3 protein expression in A2780CP70 cells co-transfected with pCMV3-ORF-SUMO-3 and miR-509-3p/NC was evaluated using western blotting. β-actin was used as a loading control. Right panel: the miR-509-3p expression in A2780CP70 cells co-transfected with pCMV3-ORF-SUMO-3 and miR-509-3p/NC was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
Additional file 2: Figure
S2. Ten-year OS (A) and PFS (B). Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by the miR-509-3p and miR-335 mRNA level and analyzed using by a log-rank test (n = 137). Ten-year overall survival (C) and progression-free survival (D) of the patients in the serous subgroups (n = 76). Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by the miR-509-3p and miR-335 mRNA level and analyzed using a log-rank test.
Additional file 3:
Figure S3. Raw data.
Additional file 4: Table 1.
EOC patient characteristics and the studied biomarkers (n = 161).
Additional file 5: Table 2.
The correlations between variables and M1 or M2 sites (n = 161).
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Wu, YH., Huang, YF., Wu, PY. et al. The downregulation of miR-509-3p expression by collagen type XI alpha 1-regulated hypermethylation facilitates cancer progression and chemoresistance via the DNA methyltransferase 1/Small ubiquitin-like modifier-3 axis in ovarian cancer cells. J Ovarian Res 16, 124 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-023-01191-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-023-01191-5