1 Background

Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide with an estimate 81,400 new cases and 17,980 deaths in the USA alone in 2020 [1]. It is known to have the highest recurrence rate of any malignancy [1]. The most common bladder malignant tumor is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), representing more than 90% of all bladder tumors in the USA [2]. Transitional cell carcinoma is further divided into non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive BC, which has a direct correlation on disease management and prognosis [2].

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is risk-stratified to estimate the likelihood of progression to muscle invasive cancer. Several criteria help stratify patients with NMIBC into low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups. Patients with high-risk disease, and in some cases intermediate-risk, should undergo intra-vesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy to decrease recurrence [3].

Patients selected for BCG treatment undergo a 6-week induction course that is followed by clinical surveillance. Disease surveillance is achieved by cystoscopy evaluation, cytology, biomarkers, and biopsy of erythematous lesions. Additionally, bladder biopsies are sometimes performed to evaluate disease progression [4]. New technologies like blue light and fluorescence cystoscopy allow better visualization; however, these modalities are not available in all centers [5].

Although bladder biopsies beget pathological proof of disease or absence of it, this surveillance method is more invasive and costly than the clinic-based flexible cystoscopy evaluation. Besides, there is conflicting data about the ability of bladder biopsies in increasing the yield of recurrence or allowing earlier detection [6]. Therefore, we aim to compare the efficacy of bladder biopsies versus office-based flexible cystoscopy evaluation in detecting NMIBC recurrence.

2 Methods

2.1 Study design

In order to consider a significant difference in the recurrence rate between the two surveillance modalities, a 20% difference in proportion of recurrence was chosen. Hence, based on the sample size calculations for a difference in two proportions, a 0.8 power, and an α of 0.05; a sample size of at least 97 patients is needed to detect a significant difference in recurrence rates. Therefore, after receiving institutional review board approval, retrospective chart review was done for patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) at our institution between January 2015 and December 2018. For the designated period, 266 consecutive patients underwent TURBT. Patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) (n = 49) and patients with non-malignant lesions (n = 23) were excluded. Among patients with NMIBC (n = 185), 121 patients fulfilled the criteria for receiving intravesical BCG induction. Then, 20 patients were also excluded for pathologically proven recurrence on the post-induction cystoscopy evaluation at 3 months. Included in the analysis are 50 patients who underwent surveillance by flexible office-based cystoscopy and 51 patients who underwent rigid cystoscopy with bladder cold-cup biopsies (Fig. 1). Surveillance method was performed based on the treating physician’s idiosyncratic preference; whereby half of the faculty members (n = 2) perform routine bladder biopsies and the other half (n = 2) perform office-based cystoscopy. All patients had an ultrasound or computed tomography imaging for evaluation of the bladder lesion. On follow-up, cystoscopic evaluation was performed at 3-month intervals for the first year and later every 6 months. Intravesical BCG (MEDAC) was given to patients with moderate to high-risk features as per the AUA classification [7]. All patients were given an induction course followed by a maintenance course as per the SWOG trial [8]. Moreover, upper tract imaging was performed regularly by computed tomography to monitor for metachronous tumors. Exclusion criteria included patients who were lost to follow-up, those who had no clinical information available, patients who did not receive BCG due to contra-indications, patients with a history of bladder tumors, and patients with low grade tumors or muscle invasive disease, as well as BCG refractory patients (recurrence at 3 months post-BCG n = 120). There was no standardized map for the bladder biopsies, and most biopsies were taken from the previous tumor resection site(s). All patients received the standard 81 mg intravesical dose of BCG (MEDAC) once a week for 6 consecutive weeks. All adverse events were classified according to the revised Clavien–Dindo classification [9].

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow diagram of study design

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Medical charts were reviewed for clinical, operative, and pathological data including age, gender, medical comorbidities, smoking status, type of surveillance (cold-cup biopsies or diagnostic flexible cystoscopy evaluation), tumor stage, grade, patient stratification according to AUA guidelines, tumor multifocality, size of the primary tumor, recurrence, and time to recurrence. A recurrence by flexible cystoscopy was denoted by visualization of papillary growth or suspicious lesions deemed worthy for further investigation followed by pathologic diagnosis. Data on complications due to the intravesical therapy or the TURBT were also recorded [10]. Recurrence was defined as positive results on bladder biopsies or at the time of flexible cystoscopy that were later confirmed with pathology.

2.2 Statistical analysis

The patients’ demographics and oncological parameters were compared using Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical variables. The predictors for NMIBC recurrence were evaluated by a binary logistic regression. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis factored by surveillance method (Log rank test) as well as Cox regression was conducted for the outcome time to recurrence. Both models were performed by the enter method and were adjusted for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, tumor size, grade, and stage as well as the surveillance method chosen. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA) was used to conduct statistical analysis.

3 Results

A total of 101 patients underwent surveillance for NMIBC post BCG induction. Fifty-one patients (50.5%) underwent office-based flexible cystoscopy and 50 patients (49.5%) had bladder biopsies. Table 1 compares the basic demographics between the two surveillance methods. Both groups were comparable for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking status (p > 0.05). The tumor size was similar for the flexible cystoscopy group (2.43 ± 1.1) and bladder biopsy group (2.3 ± 0.9; p = 0.453). In comparison with bladder biopsy group, the proportion of patients in the flexible cystoscopy group with multifocal tumor, pathological high grade tumor, the presence of concurrent carcinoma in situ (CIS), and stage T1 disease were also similar (47.1% vs. 54.0%; 86.3% vs. 94.0%; 25.5% vs. 28.0%; 78.4% vs. 88.0%, respectively) (Table 1). Additionally, the two groups did not differ in AUA risk distribution (p = 0.1).

Table 1 Baseline demographics and oncological parameters in patients who underwent either flexible cystoscopy or cystoscopy with repeat biopsies for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
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Since the median was not reached in either group, the 75th percentile survival was 18 ± 1 months for the flexible cystoscopy group and 14 ± 3 months for the bladder biopsy group (Fig. 2). The surveillance method did not impact the yield of recurrence (Mantel-Cox p = 0.5). At the multivariate level, every one-unit increase in BMI resulted in 23% increase odds and 13% increase hazard of NMIBC recurrence (logistic regression) and earlier recurrence (Cox Regression), respectively. In the logistic regression, recurrence was also predicted by the presence of concurrent CIS [OR 4.35 95% CI (1.29–14.68)], multifocal tumors at presentation [3.61; (1.17–11.15)], and tumor size [2.23 (1.23–4.03)] (Table 2). Furthermore, in the Cox regression, earlier recurrence was more likely in patients with concurrent CIS [2.46 (1.08–5.58)]. Besides, every one-centimeter increase in size of tumor results in 52% increased hazard of earlier recurrence. Nevertheless, the surveillance method neither predicted recurrence (logistic regression) nor the earlier diagnosis of recurrence (Cox regression).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Kaplan–Meier survival curve of repeat random biopsies vs flexible cystoscopy surveillance

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Table 2 Predictors of recurrence and time to recurrence in patients with non-invasive muscle bladder cancer
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3.1 Complications

No serious complications were encountered (no Clavien III or IV complications were recorded). Of the patients undergoing TURBT, 5 patients had prolonged bleeding (3%), 2 (1%) patients had post-operative urinary infection, 6 (4%) patients had urinary retention. Only 5 (5%) patients developed a low-grade fever secondary to BCG treatment. Yet, no patient discontinued the course due to side effects. Patients who underwent flexible cystoscopy or cystoscopy with bladder biopsies had no procedure specific grade II or higher complications. No mortalities were encountered in the follow-up of included patients.

4 Discussion

Guidelines for the management of NMIBC address the disease’s biological inclination for recurrence or progression [4, 11]. Therefore, we sought to determine the optimal NMIBC surveillance method post BCG induction: whether to perform bladder biopsies in the operating room or to resort to office-based flexible cystoscopy. While bladder biopsy surveillance has an added cost on the healthcare system, results in discomfort to the patient, and augments procedural risks; surveillance flexible cystoscopy begets no objective patho-oncological feedback.

There are multiple risk factors, whether tumor-specific or patient-specific, that can predict NMIBC recurrence. In our cohort, patients who experienced a recurrence had a higher BMI. A higher BMI is associated with hormonal changes and systemic inflammatory response increasing the risk of recurrence and progression of NMIBC [12]. Although the current smoking status was shown to be associated with recurrence, this was not the case in our study [13].

Initial tumor size, tumor multifocality, tumor grade, history of recurrence, a shorter timing of intravesical therapy, and presence of CIS are all disease specific variables associated with recurrence [14,

5 Conclusion

NMIBC is a disease characterized by a high recurrence rate. In our cohort, bladder biopsies for surveillance of patients with history of NMIBC neither offered an increased detection of recurrence nor an earlier uncovering. Yet, larger cohorts and prospective studies are needed to assess the generalizability of our findings.