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Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Solidified Floating Organic Drop for Hexavalent Chromium Determination: a Method for Occupational and Environmental Exposure Monitoring for Heavy Metals

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Abstract

Dispersive liquid−liquid microextraction solidified floating organic drop (SFOD−DLLME) technique was used for sample treatment and extraction of hexavalent chromium from spiked and real samples of workplace ambient air and urine of chromium electroplating workers. Validation of the SFOD−DLLME technique with three solvents, namely, 1-undecanol, 2-dodecanol and n-hexadecane, showed that pH 4, stirring rates of 600 rpm for 1-undecanol and 2-dodecanol and 800 rpm for n-hexadecane, extraction times of 10 min for 1-undecanol and 2-dodecanol and 15 min for n-hexadecane were the conditions allowing to reach the highest extraction efficiency. The maximum acquired enrichment factor was 211 and LODs were in the range of 0.015–0.05 µg/L, and the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5–30 µg/L. The results showed that SFOD−DLLME coupled with atomic absorption spectroscopy is a precise and sensitive technique for the determination of hexavalent chromium for biological monitoring of occupational/environmental samples.

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Funding

Support of this research by the vice chancellor of research and technology of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (grant no. 93121903) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deputy of Research and Technology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Yasaman Pourbakhshi

  2. Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Mahmoud Heidari & Elham Yahaei

  3. Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Mahmoud Heidari

  4. Department of Environmental Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Samira Ghiyasi

  5. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Heshmatollah Ebrahimi-Najafabadi

  6. Research and Development Center of Plants and Medicinal Chemistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Elahe Bozorgzadeh

Authors
  1. Yasaman Pourbakhshi
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  2. Mahmoud Heidari
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  3. Elham Yahaei
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  4. Samira Ghiyasi
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  5. Heshmatollah Ebrahimi-Najafabadi
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  6. Elahe Bozorgzadeh
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Correspondence to Mahmoud Heidari.

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Pourbakhshi, Y., Heidari, M., Yahaei, E. et al. Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Solidified Floating Organic Drop for Hexavalent Chromium Determination: a Method for Occupational and Environmental Exposure Monitoring for Heavy Metals. J Anal Chem 76, 714–720 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934821060083

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