Introduction

Lung cancer is the second commonly diagnosed cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer mortality by its high fatality rate1. Smoking is a well-known modifiable risk factor for lung cancer followed by carcinogen exposures such as asbestos, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and etc2,3,4. Dietary intakes have also been shown to contribute to this type of cancer. Earlier studies suggested an inverse association between healthy dietary pattern and risk of this cancer, while high consumption of red and processed meat and total and saturated fats have been associated with elevated risk5,6,7.

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages throughout the world next to water and tea. It contains mixtures of biochemically active ingredients such as antimutagenic and antioxidant or cancer-promoting agents including caffeine, acrylamide, melanoidins, chlorogenic acid, diterpenes, and trigonelline, which might be important in cancer development or prevention8,9. Previous investigations have indicated that coffee may have a protective role in type 2 diabetes, stroke, dementia, and cardiovascular diseases; however, data about cancer is conflicting10,

Data availability

The dataset used and analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request.

Abbreviations

CIs:

Confidence intervals

HRs:

Hazard ratios

NOS:

Newcastle–Ottawa Scale

ORs:

Odds ratios

RRs:

Rate or risk ratios

WHI:

Women’s Health Initiative

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran

    Maedeh Jabbari & Ahmad Esmaillzadeh

  2. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

    Asma Salari-Moghaddam

  3. School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Amir Bagheri

  4. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Bagher Larijani

  5. Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ahmad Esmaillzadeh

  6. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Ahmad Esmaillzadeh

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Contributions

MJ contributed to the conception, literature search, interpretation of the data, and drafting of the manuscript. ASM contributed to the design, statistical analyses, interpretation of the data, and manuscript drafting. AB contributed to the statistical analyses, interpretation of the data, and manuscript drafting. BL contributed to the design, conception, and drafting of the manuscript. AE contributed to the conception, design, statistical analyses, interpretation of the data, and drafting of the manuscript. AE supervised the study. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript before submission.

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Correspondence to Ahmad Esmaillzadeh.

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Jabbari, M., Salari-Moghaddam, A., Bagheri, A. et al. A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies on coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer. Sci Rep 14, 14991 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62619-6

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