ARID1B maintains mesenchymal stem cell quiescence via inhibition of BCL11B-mediated non-canonical Activin signaling

Zhang, Mingyi; Guo, Tingwei; Pei, Fei; Feng, Jifan; **g, Junjun; Xu, Jian; Yamada, Takahiko; Ho, Thach-Vu; Du, Jiahui; Sehgal, Prerna; Chai, Yang

doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48285-2

ARID1B maintains mesenchymal stem cell quiescence via inhibition of BCL11B-mediated non-canonical Activin signaling

Article
Open access
Published: 30 May 2024

Volume 15, article number 4614, (2024)
Cite this article

Download PDF

You have full access to this open access article

From

View current issue

ARID1B maintains mesenchymal stem cell quiescence via inhibition of BCL11B-mediated non-canonical Activin signaling

Download PDF

839 Accesses
3 Altmetric
Explore all metrics

Abstract

ARID1B haploinsufficiency in humans causes Coffin-Siris syndrome, associated with developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, and intellectual disability. The role of ARID1B has been widely studied in neuronal development, but whether it also regulates stem cells remains unknown. Here, we employ scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq to dissect the regulatory functions and mechanisms of ARID1B within mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using the mouse incisor model. We reveal that loss of Arid1b in the GLI1+ MSC lineage disturbs MSCs’ quiescence and leads to their proliferation due to the ectopic activation of non-canonical Activin signaling via p-ERK. Furthermore, loss of Arid1b upregulates Bcl11b, which encodes a BAF complex subunit that modulates non-canonical Activin signaling by directly regulating the expression of activin A subunit, Inhba. Reduction of Bcl11b or non-canonical Activin signaling restores the MSC population in Arid1b mutant mice. Notably, we have identified that ARID1B suppresses Bcl11b expression via specific binding to its third intron, unveiling the direct inter-regulatory interactions among BAF subunits in MSCs. Our results demonstrate the vital role of ARID1B as an epigenetic modifier in maintaining MSC homeostasis and reveal its intricate mechanistic regulatory network in vivo, providing novel insights into the linkage between chromatin remodeling and stem cell fate determination.

Inability to switch from ARID1A-BAF to ARID1B-BAF impairs exit from pluripotency and commitment towards neural crest formation in ARID1B-related neurodevelopmental disorders

Article Open access 09 November 2021

Lsh/HELLS regulates self-renewal/proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells

Article Open access 25 April 2017

Genome-wide studies reveal the essential and opposite roles of ARID1A in controlling human cardiogenesis and neurogenesis from pluripotent stem cells

Article Open access 09 July 2020

Introduction

Chromatin remodeling complexes play crucial roles in the epigenetic regulation of transcription, DNA damage repair, and DNA unwinding by modifying chromatin accessibility in a fine-tuned manner. The BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF) complex, also known as the mammalian switch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex, is a chromatin remodeler that plays an essential role in regulating organ development, tissue homeostasis, disease development, and cancer biology^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. ARID1B encodes the protein AT-rich interactive domain 1B (ARID1B), the signature subunit of the BAF complex, which is mutually exclusive with ARID1A⁸. In humans, haploinsufficiency of ARID1B is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromic/non-syndromic intellectual disabilities, including Coffin-Siris syndrome and HHID syndrome^9,10, and ARID1B mutations have been identified in different human cancers^11,12. Studies conducted on mice have revealed the roles of ARID1B in neurodevelopment^13,14 and cranial neural crest cell formation^15,16,17. Despite the increasing researches on ARID1B, its roles and regulatory mechanisms in cell fate commitment, stem cell homeostasis, and disease/cancer biology remain largely unknown. It is necessary to explore the functional regulatory network of the epigenetic regulator ARID1B and unravel its molecular mechanisms related to stem cell function to provide essential insights into its roles in regulating tissue homeostasis and diseases.

Stem cells are essential players in organ development and maintaining tissue homeostasis, possessing the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types. The mouse incisor has been established as an ideal animal model for studying the self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as they contribute to tissue homeostasis and injury repair. Mouse incisor’s proximal end harbors MSCs that support its continuous growth throughout life^18,19. Our previous studies have shown that Gli1 is an in vivo MSC marker, and GLI1+ cell population is located near the neurovascular bundle (NVB) in the proximal region of the incisor; these cells can give rise to transit-amplifying cells (TACs) that eventually populate the entire dental mesenchyme^19,20,21,22. The differentiation axis of cells in the mouse incisor has a specific proximal-to-distal orientation, such that one finds MSCs most proximally, then TACs, which differentiate into odontoblasts and dental pulp cells in the more distal regions^19,23. This spatial organization makes the mouse incisor an ideal system for studying the gene regulatory roles of MSCs and tissue homeostasis.

Similar to other types of stem cell, the homeostasis of MSCs in the mouse incisor is governed by a complex and interconnected signaling regulatory network^{19,24,25,26,27,28,29}. Notably, TGF-β signaling has been extensively studied in various cellular contexts; however, the Activin signaling pathway, which belongs to the TGF-β superfamily, is less known. Activin signaling’s potential interplay with the MSC population and its contributions to MSC regulation and fate determination is still elusive. Understanding the involvement of Activin signaling and the crosstalk between its ligands and receptors in the maintenance of MSC-mediated tissue homeostasis is crucial for unraveling the underlying mechanisms governing MSC self-renewal, differentiation, and overall functional properties.

In the epigenetic regulation of MSCs, a PRC1-WNT regulatory network has been identified as governing reciprocal interactions between MSCs and TACs²⁴. In this study, we unveiled the vital role and mechanistic regulatory network of another epigenetic regulator, ARID1B, in maintaining MSC quiescence and tissue homeostasis in vivo. Through scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq analysis, we identified that loss of Arid1b disturbs MSCs’ quiescence and induces their proliferation. ARID1B directly represses the expression of Bcl11b by binding to its third intron to maintain MSC homeostasis. Following the loss of Arid1b, the upregulated BCL11B serves as a mediator that directly regulates the expression of Inhba, which encodes activin A ligand of the Activin signaling pathway, which in turn ectopically activates non-canonical Activin signaling (p-ERK) in the MSC region. Significantly, we verified the functional significance of BCL11B and non-canonical Activin signaling downstream of ARID1B in preserving MSC homeostasis. Our results reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics of an epigenetic regulatory network involving ARID1B, BCL11B, and non-canonical Activin signaling, which form a cascade that contributes to the maintenance of MSCs in tissue homeostasis.

Results

ARID1B plays an essential role in regulating adult mouse incisor growth and tissue homeostasis

To investigate the role of ARID1B in regulating MSC fate commitment and mesenchymal tissue homeostasis, we evaluated the expression pattern of ARID1B in the proximal region of the mouse incisor. We found that ARID1B is widely expressed in the dental mesenchyme near the NVB where MSCs reside, as well as in odontoblasts, dental pulp cells, and epithelial cells, but less in the TAC region and pre-odontoblasts (Fig. 1a, b). Previous study has shown that GLI1+ cells are MSCs surrounding the NVB¹⁹. To find out whether ARID1B is expressed in these GLI1+ MSCs, we co-stained GLI1 and ARID1B and found that ARID1B+ cells in the NVB region overlap with a sub-population of GLI1+ cells (Fig. 1c, d). Thus, we hypothesized that ARID1B plays a role in regulating MSC commitment and tissue homeostasis in the adult mouse incisor.

**Fig. 1: Loss of *Arid1b* in GLI1+ lineage impairs mouse incisor growth and tissue homeotasis.**

GLI1+ MSCs located surrounding the NVB support the mouse incisor’s growth and replenishment throughout the lifespan. Using the Gli1-CreER line, we generated Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice, in which Arid1b was inactivated in the GLI1+ lineage after tamoxifen induction at one month of age, and confirmed that Arid1b was effectively deleted from the incisor mesenchymal and epithelial cells (Supplementary Fig. 1a–d). To evaluate the impact of the loss of Arid1b in MSCs on the mouse incisor growth, we first performed an incisor growth assay by comparing the movement of a notch made in the incisor enamel above the gingival margin in both control and Arid1b mutant mice. We found that the growth rate was significantly slower in Arid1b mutant mice than in the control across all measurement time points (Fig. 1e–k). This result indicated that the loss of Arid1b in the GLI1+ lineage impairs the adult mouse incisor growth.

Next, we assessed the long-term impact following the loss of Arid1b. At 2 months post-tamoxifen induction, the dental pulp cavity was narrower in Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice than in the control, as shown by microCT (Supplementary Fig. 1e, h). Histologically, the polarization of odontoblasts (Supplementary Fig. 1f, i) and the expression of odontoblast differentiation marker Dspp (Supplementary Fig. 1g, j) were initiated more proximally to the cervical loop in Arid1b mutant mice than in the control mice. The cervical loop also appeared to be smaller in the Arid1b mutant mice. The odontoblast alignment was affected, and the dentin appeared thicker in the Arid1b mutant mice. Moreover, the phenotype of the Arid1b mutant mice became more severe at 3 months post-tamoxifen induction, with a limited dental pulp cavity and stacked dentin at the proximal end of the incisor (Fig. 1l–o, r). The odontoblasts were well aligned, and their differentiation was marked by the organized alignment of nuclei along the basement membrane in the control; in contrast, the organization of the odontoblasts was abnormal, and the nuclei were in the opposite position in Arid1b mutant mice. The odontoblasts were premature in the proximal region in the Arid1b mutant mice, as confirmed by Dspp marker staining (Fig. 1p, q, s). These results indicated that ARID1B plays a role in maintaining adult mouse incisor tissue homeostasis.

Furthermore, to investigate the cellular changes underlying the reduced growth rate and abnormal dentin formation in Arid1b mutant incisors, we evaluated the potential of TACs to differentiate into odontoblasts after the loss of Arid1b. We labeled TACs in the DNA synthesis phase using EdU injection and harvested the tissue 48 h later to assess the TAC differentiation. The overlap between Dspp+ odontoblasts and EdU-labeled cells represented the TAC differentiation ability, and the overlap length indicated the migration rate of these differentiated cells during the preceding 48 h. We observed a reduced overlap length of EdU+/Dspp+ cells in Arid1b mutant mice compared to controls at 1 week post-induction, indicating that loss of Arid1b caused the compromised migration rate of the differentiated TACs (Supplementary Fig. 1k–n, q). To understand the cause of abnormal dentin formation, we administered calcein and alizarin red S dual fluorescence injections at different time points to dynamically compare the odontoblast migration rate and dentin deposition rate. Using this approach, the fluorescence precipitation represents dentin formation at the time of injection. We compared the odontoblast migration length and dentin deposition depth over a period of 5 days. Statistical analysis revealed a significantly shorter odontoblast migration length in Arid1b mutant mice compared to controls, while there was no significant difference in the depth of dentin deposition (Supplementary Fig. 1o–p, r). These findings indicated that the loss of Arid1b impairs the odontoblast migration rate, leading to abnormal stacked dentin.

GLI1+ cells contribute to the mesenchymal and epithelial lineages in the mouse incisor¹⁹ and ARID1B was effectively deleted in both tissues in the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice. To clarify whether the loss of Arid1b in the dental epithelium has any effect on incisor tissue homeostasis, we used the Sox2-CreER line to specifically delete Arid1b in the epithelial lineage by generating Sox2-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice. Again, we induced Cre activity with tamoxifen at 1 month of age and harvested the incisor at 2 months post-induction. There were no signs of either premature odontoblasts or a differentiation defect in Sox2-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice as compared to the control (Supplementary Fig. 2a–f). This result indicated that the loss of Arid1b specifically in the dental mesenchyme impairs the incisor growth and tissue homeostasis.

Loss of Arid1b disturbs MSCs’ quiescence and leads to their proliferation

The continuous growth of the mouse incisor is induced by the progression of MSCs giving rise to TACs, along with proliferation and differentiation in the proximal region. Due to the overlap between ARID1B+ cells and a subpopulation of GLI1+ cells in the proximal region, we investigated the potential impact of Arid1b loss on GLI1+ MSCs. We generated Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ mice to compare the numbers of GLI1+ cells in the incisors of these mutants and Gli1-LacZ control mice. At 5 days post-induction, the number of GLI1+ cells was significantly reduced in the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ mice compared to Gli1-LacZ mice (Fig. 2a–e). These MSCs are quiescent cells that undergo slow-cycling self-renewal and reside in the proximal region of the mouse incisor. Thus, we investigated the impact of ARID1B on MSCs’ quiescence based on their label-retaining ability. Since incisor mesenchyme turnover takes about 1 month¹⁹, we injected control and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice with EdU for a 1-month period beginning from postnatal day 5 and analyzed the cells after another month. In this case, the label retaining cells (LRCs) detected by EdU staining would be the quiescent cells. We found the number of LRCs was significantly reduced in Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice compared to controls (Fig. 2f–j), confirming that loss of Arid1b impairs mouse incisor MSC quiescence.

To understand the reason for the reduction in GLI1+ MSCs following the loss of Arid1b, we first conducted TUNEL assay to compare apoptosis levels between control and Arid1b mutant mice. The results showed that there was no obvious increase in apoptosis at 5 days post-induction, suggesting that the decrease in MSCs was not caused by an increase in cell death (Supplementary Fig. 2g–j). To further investigate the underlying causes for MSC changes, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on the proximal incisor tissue from both control and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice 4 days post-tamoxifen induction. We integrated the scRNA-seq data from the control (9210 cells) and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl (8915 cells) mice, and identified a large group of dental mesenchymal cells along with other cell types via unsupervised clustering and marker analysis (Supplementary Fig. 3a, b). We then focused on the dental mesenchymal cells and subclustered them into five distinct populations (Fig. 2k). We identified the specific markers for each cluster and validated their expression patterns in the mouse incisor (Supplementary Fig. 3c–e). To investigate the effects of Arid1b loss at the single-cell level across different cell clusters, we compared the relative percentage of cells in each cluster between control and Arid1b mutant samples. We observed a decrease in the number of MSCs in the Arid1b mutant sample, consistent with the in vivo marker analysis, alongside an increase in the TAC number (Fig. 2l). The comparison at the single-cell level suggested that the loss of Arid1b may impact MSC quiescence by inducing MSC proliferation.

To validate our hypothesis, we utilized scRNA-seq data to construct a computational model of change across time between control and Arid1b mutant mouse incisor mesenchymal cells using Monocle3 pseudotime analysis (Supplementary fig. 4a, b). This model confirmed the sequence of cell differentiation, showing that MSCs are the earliest (least differentiated) cells, followed by TACs and dental pulp cells, which are later and more differentiated cells. This data aligns with the in vivo dental mesenchymal cell differentiation axis. To gain further insights into the stem cell fate transition of dental mesenchymal cells, we conducted GeneSwitches analysis to identify the order of genes that are activated or repressed in the specific lineages³⁰. We acquired sets of genes that switched on/off along the MSC to TAC trajectory in both control and Arid1b mutant samples (Supplementary Fig. 4c, d). This analysis helped us identify cluster-specific markers, such as Igfbp6 for MSCs and Pclaf for TACs, which we compared between control and Arid1b mutant samples (Supplementary Fig. 4e, f). Furthermore, we visualized and compared the patterns of common markers switching on/off along the MSC-TAC pseudotime trajectory between control and Arid1b mutant samples. Interestingly, the majority of switched-off genes displayed slightly earlier pseudo-timepoints in the Arid1b mutant, whereas the genes switched-on in TACs exhibited significantly earlier activation in the Arid1b mutant. This was especially true of proliferation-related genes, such as Mki67, Top2a, and Cdk1 (Fig. 2m). This data indicated that loss of Arid1b may induce MSC proliferation. To confirm that the loss of Arid1b stimulates the proliferation of slow-cycling MSCs in vivo, we performed co-immunostaining of LRCs and Ki67 in the mouse incisor. The results revealed an increased number of LRC+ cells co-labeled with Ki67+ in Arid1b mutant mice compared to controls (Fig. 2n–r), indicating that the loss of Arid1b leads to the proliferation of MSCs. Taken together, these results suggested that the loss of Arid1b disturbs MSC quiescence and leads to the proliferation of MSCs.

ARID1B directly suppresses BAF subunit Bcl11b expression in the MSC region to maintain tissue homeostasis

To investigate the downstream mechanisms of ARID1B in regulating the MSC population, we performed bulk RNA-seq to compare transcriptional profiles between control and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mouse incisors. Hierarchical clustering and volcano plots revealed distinct transcriptional profiles between the two groups, identifying 155 upregulated and 55 downregulated genes (false discovery rate [FDR] ≤ 0.1; fold change < −1.5 or > 1.5) in Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mouse incisors (Fig. 3a, Supplementary Fig. 5a). We then conducted a comprehensive analysis and listed the top 20 differentially expressed genes and significantly changed signaling pathways based on the upregulated and downregulated genes (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Fig. 5b, c). Using the scRNA-seq data, we plotted the top 20 changed genes (Supplementary Fig. 5d). Among these genes, Bcl11b showed specific enrichment in the MSC and proximal dental follicle (PDF) clusters, colocalizing with Gli1 expression (Fig. 3c). We compared its expression level within dental mesenchymal cells and observed its upregulation in Arid1b mutant mouse incisors (Fig. 3d). To confirm the expression pattern of Bcl11b in vivo, we colocalized Bcl11b with GLI1+ cells and found that Bcl11b is expressed in the proximal region of the mouse incisor surrounding the NVB and colocalized with GLI1+ cells (Fig. 3e, h). Furthermore, we confirmed the upregulation of Bcl11b expression in Arid1b mutant mouse incisors compared to the control (Fig. 3f, g, i–k). Taken together, these findings gave a strong indication that Bcl11b might act as a functional downstream target of ARID1B to regulate MSC quiescence. Additionally, considering that Bcl11b encodes a subunit of the BAF complex, it is essential to investigate the inter-regulation among the BAF subunits.

**Fig. 3: Upregulation of *Bcl11b* following the loss of *Arid1b* in mouse incisors.**

To investigate how ARID1B suppresses Bcl11b expression, we conducted single-cell transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq) using the proximal region of incisors from both control and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice 4 days after tamoxifen induction. By analyzing and integrating the sequencing data from control and Arid1b mutant mice using Signac and marker analysis, we identified distinct cell clusters (Fig. 4a, Supplementary Fig. 6). Gli1 putative gene activity was found to be significantly enriched in the MSC population (Fig. 4b). To compare the differences in chromatin accessibility specifically within the proximal mesenchyme cells between the control and Arid1b mutant mice, we categorized the cells into Control-MSC, Mutant-MSC, and other clusters (Fig. 4c). We generated the normalized signals to visualize the DNA accessibility and annotated peaks for Bcl11b. The scATAC-seq results revealed that the Mutant-MSC cluster had higher peaks compared to the Control-MSC cluster at the promoter region of Bcl11b, indicating increased chromatin accessibility at the promoter region following the loss of Arid1b (Fig. 4d). These results provided evidence that ARID1B functions as a suppressor of Bcl11b gene expression in the mouse incisor.

**Fig. 4: ARID1B directly suppresses *Bcl11b* expression through binding to its intron region.**

To investigate whether ARID1B directly binds to the cis-regulatory elements of Bcl11b to regulate its expression, we compared the peaks between control and Arid1b mutant scATAC-seq data, and identified a reduced peak call at Chr12: 107964756-107965631, corresponding to the Bcl11b third intron region in Arid1b mutant sample (Fig. 4d). To identify whether ARID1B can bind to this 865 base-pair (bp) region, we designed primers within this region and performed ARID1B chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR (CHIP-qPCR) (Fig. 4e). The CHIP-qPCR results revealed significantly higher DNA binding of ARID1B CHIP compared to the IgG control in the +101 bp to +262 bp binding region (as shown in Fig. 4e between the black arrows), suggesting that ARID1B can directly bind to the intron of Bcl11b to suppress its expression (Fig. 4f). To further validate the functional relevance of this binding site, we performed CRISPRi to specifically target the binding region and assess its effect on the transcriptional activity. It is known that the dCas9 for CRISPRi exerts its binding activity within its gRNA target position with a range of ±150 bp^31,32. Accordingly, we designed a gRNA around the qPCR-targeted region with high targeting efficiency and low off-target rate (Fig. 4e). Following CRISPRi treatment of primary cells, we observed a significant increase in the Bcl11b expression level in the group treated with the vector containing Bcl11b gRNA when compared to the group treated with the control vector (Fig. 4g), indicating that the expression level of Bcl11b was upregulated when there was interference with the ARID1B binding site.

Furthermore, to confirm the role of Bcl11b as a key downstream mediator of ARID1B in regulating MSC homeostasis, we generated Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Bcl11b^fl/+;Gli1-LacZ mice. By comparing the numbers of GLI1+ MSCs with Gli1-LacZ and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ mice, we aimed to assess the impact of Bcl11b expression on MSC populations in vivo. Through immunostaining, we observed that the reduction of Bcl11b expression in Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Bcl11b^fl/+ mice led to the restoration of GLI1+ cells (Fig. 4h–n). These compelling findings strongly supported the notion that Bcl11b serves as the functional downstream target of ARID1B, playing a crucial role in regulating MSC dynamics. Moreover, our data unveiled the direct inter-regulatory interactions between ARID1B and BCL11B during their functional regulation.

BCL11B directly regulates Activin A subunit gene Inhba to modulate Activin signaling

Using the differentially expressed genes identified from bulk RNA-seq, we investigated the significant changes in signaling pathways following the loss of Arid1b in the mouse incisor. Through gene ontology (GO) analysis, we identified highly enriched upregulated and downregulated signaling pathways based on the genes that showed significant increased or decreased expression in Arid1b mutant mice, respectively (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Fig. 5c). Among these pathways, we observed significant changes in angiogenesis and its related p53 pathway, as well as FGF, Wnt, Endothelin, and EGF signaling, with both upregulated and downregulated genes. This suggested that these signaling pathways may not be directly regulated by the loss of Arid1b. TGF-β signaling exhibited significant upregulation in Arid1b mutant mice, indicating that this could be a downstream signaling pathway that undergoes substantial modulation following the loss of Arid1b. We therefore explored the role of TGF-β signaling and sought to determine the specific ligands and receptors involved in maintaining MSC homeostasis.

Previous studies on Bcl11b-deficient mice have shown downregulation of TGF-β family ligands during embryonic incisor development, including BMP4 and activin, leading to disruption of TGF-β signaling³³. We thus proposed that TGF-β signaling superfamily may exert as a downstream regulatory effect of BCL11B. To test our hypothesis, we compared the expression patterns and levels of ligands and receptors within the TGF-β superfamily, including TGF-β signaling, Activin/Inhibin signaling, and BMP signaling, using integrated scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data. Our analysis did not reveal significant changes in BMP signaling (Supplementary Fig. 7). However, we observed significant upregulation of Tgfbr1 and Inhba following the loss of Arid1b in the mouse incisor from the bulk RNA-seq data. Inhba encodes a subunit for the Activin signaling ligand, activin A. Notably, when we plotted these ligands and receptors in the scRNA-seq data, we observed that Inhba was predominantly enriched in the PMC and dental follicle clusters, which coincided with Bcl11b expression (Fig. 5a, Supplementary Fig. 8a, b). However, Tgfbr1 exhibited widespread expression in the dental mesenchyme, and according to the JASPAR transcription factor (TF) binding sites prediction tool integrated into the UCSC Genome Brower, there is no predicted binding site for BCL11B at the promoter region of Tgfbr1 (Supplementary Fig. 8b, c). This indicated that the increase of Tgfbr1 may not be directly regulated by BCL11B. Thus, we turned our focus to Inhba as a potential target of BCL11B within the TGF-β superfamily. To further investigate the expression of Inhba and its colocalization with Bcl11b in vivo, we performed in situ hybridization. The staining revealed the colocalization of Inhba and Bcl11b within the MSC region and the dental follicle of the control incisors (Fig. 5b–d), indicating BCL11B may directly regulate Inhba expression.

**Fig. 5: BCL11B directly regulates the expression of *Inhba*, a subunit of Activin A, which serves as a ligand of the Activin signaling pathway.**

To elucidate the mechanism by which BCL11B, acting as a transcription factor, mediates the regulation of Inhba expression, we investigated the direct binding of BCL11B to the promoter region of Inhba. Utilizing the JASPAR TF binding sites prediction, we identified two potential binding sites located within 1.5 kb upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) in the promoter region (Fig. 5e). We specifically targeted the binding site closer to the TSS, as it exhibited a higher predicted binding score according to JASPAR prediction. We first compared the scATAC-seq data for Inhba and observed higher peaks in the Mutant-MSC cluster compared to the Control-MSC cluster at the promoter region of Inhba (Fig. 5f). This data indicated increased chromatin accessibility at the Inhba promoter region in the Arid1b mutant mice. Furthermore, we designed primers according to the predicted binding motif and performed BCL11B ChIP-qPCR in control mouse incisors. The result revealed significantly higher DNA binding of BCL11B CHIP than the IgG control at the promoter region of Inhba, indicating that BCL11B directly binds to the promoter region and regulates Inhba gene expression (Fig. 5g). These findings provided evidence supporting the direct regulation of Inhba expression by BCL11B.

Furthermore, we examined the ligand activin A level through immunostaining and found that it was primarily deposited in the TAC region, odontoblasts, and dental pulp cells near the odontoblasts in control incisors. We noticed an ectopic upregulation of activin A in the MSC region following the loss of Arid1b, which was restored to normal after reducing Bcl11b level in Arid1b mutant mice (Fig. 5h–m). These findings indicated that BCL11B functionally and directly regulates the expression of the activin A subunit Inhba. Activin A, as the downstream target of BCL11B, undergoes ectopic upregulation in the MSC region within the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mouse incisor. To further explore the impact of ACTIVIN A upregulation in Arid1b mutant mice and its potential effect in the reduction of GLI1+ MSCs, we conducted an explant culture experiment. Using IgG or neutralizing ACTIVIN A antibody-loaded beads, we treated Gli1-LacZ and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ mouse incisor explants (Fig. 5n). Immunostaining confirmed the decrease of GLI1+ MSCs in the Arid1b mutant mouse incisors compared to controls treated with IgG (Fig. 5o, p, r). Notably, treatment of Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ mouse incisor explants with the ACTIVIN A antibody restored the normal level of GLI1+ MSCs, in comparison to IgG treatment (Fig. 5p–r). These findings strongly suggested that ACTIVIN A serves as a functional downstream factor capable of maintaining MSC homeostasis in mouse incisors affected by the loss of Arid1b.

Loss of Arid1b ectopically activates non-canonical Activin signaling, p-ERK, impairing MSC homeostasis

Activin A, the ligand that activates the Activin signaling pathway, belongs to the TGF-β superfamily. Activin A binds to the extracellular domain of a type II receptor, ActRIIA or ActRIIB, then forms a complex with the type I receptor, ActRI or TGFBR1. The type I receptor phosphorylates downstream signaling molecules, leading to the activation of the Activin signaling pathway. Upon ligand binding, TGF-β/Activin receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways such as the canonical Smad-dependent pathway via Smad2/Smad3, and non-Smad pathways including p38 MAPK, JNK, ERK, AKT, NF-κB, and COFILIN signaling^34,35. These signaling pathways act in a context-dependent manner, leading to different cellular responses. To investigate changes in Activin signaling activity in the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mouse incisor compared to the control, we initially conducted western blot to assess the changes in the signaling pathways. Interestingly, we observed that p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-COFILIN signaling were elevated following the loss of Arid1b, while p-SMAD2, the readout of canonical TGF-β/Activin signaling, exhibited no significant changes (Fig. 6a, Supplementary Fig. 9). To further corroborate these findings and explore where these signaling pathways were activated in vivo, we performed immunostaining for p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-COFILIN in control and Arid1b mouse incisors. Our data revealed that p-COFILIN and p-JNK were specifically activated within the MSC region, as evidenced by their co-localization with GLI1+ cells, and exhibited heightened expression upon Arid1b loss (Fig. 6b–m). Interestingly, p-ERK, which was not activated in the MSC region of the control incisor, exhibited ectopic activation in the MSC region after loss of Arid1b (Fig. 6n–u). Our data provided robust evidence suggesting that non-canonical Activin signaling pathways play a pivotal role in the regulation of MSC homeostasis.

Fig. 6: Non-canonical Activin signaling pathways are elevated after loss of *Arid1b.*

Additionally, we investigated where p-SMAD2 was activated in both control and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mouse incisors. Our results demonstrated that p-SMAD2 was primarily activated in dental pulp cells and adjacent to GLI1+ cells (Supplementary Fig. 10a–h). This finding identified that Smad-dependent TGF-β/Activin signaling is confined within the differentiated dental pulp compartment, delineating the boundary between the MSCs and dental pulp cells in the mouse incisor. This spatial segregation remained unaltered following the loss of Arid1b at 5 days post-tamoxifen induction.

To determine whether the elevated non-canonical Activin signaling was the cause of the incisor defect observed in the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice, we generated Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Tgfbr1^fl/+ mice as a rescue model. This approach was based on the significant upregulation of Tgfbr1 following the loss of Arid1b (Supplementary Fig. 8b), and the notion that TGFBR1 plays a crucial role in TGF-β/Activin signaling by forming receptor dimers with TGFBR2 and ActRII, transporting signals from intercellular to intracellular. Through in situ hybridization, we detected Tgfbr1 signal widely expressed in the dental mesenchyme, which was upregulated in Arid1b mutant mouse incisors compared to the control (Supplementary Fig. 10i–n). Tamoxifen was injected at 1 month of age to induce Cre activity. At 3 months post-tamoxifen induction, microCT images revealed that the narrowed dental pulp cavity observed in Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice were completely rescued in Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Tgfbr1^fl/+ mouse incisors. Moreover, HE staining further confirmed that the incisor defects in the Arid1b mutant mice, such as stacked dentin at the cervical loop, misaligned odontoblasts, and thicker dentin, were also rescued in Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Tgfbr1^fl/+ mice. The odontoblast marker Dspp showed that the premature differentiation of odontoblasts was eliminated in the rescue mouse incisor as well (Fig. 7a–i). We assessed the numbers of GLI1+ cells in Gli1-LacZ, Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Tgfbr1^fl/+;Gli1-LacZ mice 5 days after tamoxifen induction and confirmed that the reduced number of GLI1+ MSCs observed in the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ mouse incisors was restored in the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Tgfbr1^fl/+;Gli1-LacZ mice (Fig. 7j–p).

**Fig. 7: Reduction of *Tgfbr1* in *Gli1-CreER;Arid1b*^fl/fl mice rescues the impairment of GLI1+ population and tissue homeostasis.**

Furthermore, to investigate whether the dysregulated non-canonical Activin signaling had been restored in the Tgfbr1 rescue mouse model, we performed western blot analysis of p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-COFILIN on control, Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl, and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Tgfbr1^fl/+ mouse incisors. Notably, only the p-ERK signaling showed obvious restoration, suggesting that it plays a key role in the non-canonical Activin signaling associated with the loss of Arid1b in the mouse incisors (Fig. 7q). To validate that the p-ERK signaling pathway is the functionally downstream, we generated Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Erk2^fl/+;Gli1-LacZ mice. By comparing GLI1+ cell populations among Gli1-LacZ, Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ, and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Erk2^fl/+;Gli1-LacZ mouse incisors, we observed the restoration of GLI1+ cells in the Erk2 rescue mouse model (Fig. 7r–x). Ultimately, the loss of Arid1b led to the activation of p-ERK signaling in MSCs following activin A ligand binding to TGFBR1-associated receptors. The aberrant p-ERK signaling disrupted MSC homeostasis and diminished their population.

Discussion

This study unveils the functional role of ARID1B in stem cells and provides novel insights into the regulatory network of ARID1B as a chromatin remodeler in governing MSC quiescence and proliferation, thereby contributing to proper tissue homeostasis. Our findings demonstrate that ARID1B functions as a repressor regulating the BAF complex subunit gene Bcl11b in the MSC region to maintain tissue homeostasis. Loss of Arid1b results in the upregulation of Bcl11b, leading to the direct induction of activin A and ectopic activation of non-canonical Activin signaling via binding to TGFBR1-associated receptors, specifically through the p-ERK pathway. Overall, the ectopic activation of p-ERK signaling within MSCs after the loss of Arid1b impairs MSC quiescence and proliferation, ultimately impacting tissue homeostasis (Fig. 8). These findings shed light on the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory role of ARID1B and its cellular function in MSC homeostasis.

**Fig. 8: Schematic drawing of ARID1B regulatory network within MSCs in the mouse incisor.**

The BAF complex plays a critical role in regulating various aspects of cellular processes, most notably chromatin remodeling, gene expression, and cell differentiation. Its involvement in controlling the fate and function of stem cells highlights its essential role in development, tissue homeostasis, and cellular plasticity. Notably, different subunits within the BAF complex exhibit distinct regulatory functions. Previous research has demonstrated that ARID1A, which is mutually exclusive from ARID1B in the BAF complex, regulates the cell cycle exit and differentiation of TACs to maintain tissue homeostasis in the mouse incisor³⁶. Our investigations have revealed a distinct role for ARID1B in regulating MSC quiescence, suggesting that ARID1A and ARID1B perform different functions in mediating the reciprocal interaction between MSCs and TACs. Given the mutual exclusivity of ARID1A and ARID1B, we assessed the expression level of ARID1A in Arid1b mutant mouse incisors. Our analysis revealed expanded expression of ARID1A in MSCs and proximal dental follicle cells compared to the control (Supplementary Fig. 11a–d). To further elucidate the role of ARID1A in Arid1b mutant mice, we generated compound mutant mice with ARID1A haploinsufficiency and loss of Arid1b (Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Arid1a^fl/+) and collected incisor samples 3 months after tamoxifen injection. HE staining of these samples revealed a more severe impairment of tissue homeostasis in the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Arid1a^fl/+ mouse incisors, characterized by stacked dentin and disorganized odontoblasts (Supplementary Fig. 11e–j). These findings strongly imply that ARID1A may partially compensate for the loss of ARID1B function.

Moreover, researchers have utilized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from Coffin-Siris patients with ARID1B haploinsufficiency and revealed that the ARID1B-BAF complex acts as a suppressor of numerous enhancers and genes within the NANOG and SOX2 networks, providing critical insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying this transition¹⁷. In our study, ARID1B maintains MSC homeostasis primarily through the BCL11B-non-canonical Activin pathway. Our bulk RNA-seq analysis has revealed that three quarters of the genes are upregulated and only one quarter is downregulated following the loss of Arid1b in the mouse incisor, suggesting that ARID1B acts primarily as a suppressor in the regulation of its downstream genes. The gene regulatory network shown here provides compelling evidence for the identified role and regulatory mechanisms of ARID1B in MSC regulation. These insights not only contribute to our understanding of the broader functions and regulatory mechanisms of ARID1B but also serve as a valuable information for future studies investigating the role of ARID1B in other stem cell types and tissues.

Our study has revealed how ARID1B regulates Bcl11b expression, highlighting its pivotal role in maintaining MSC quiescence. The regulatory network involving the ARID1B-BCL11B-Inhba axis operates within the MSC region of the mouse incisor, contributing to the functional maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Notably, BCL11B has been extensively studied as an important transcription factor involved in regulating the immune system, including T cell development and identity, as well as the development of the skin, adipocytes, craniofacial region, and central nervous system^{37,38,39,40,41,42}. However, understanding the role of BCL11B in regulating stem cell fate remains relatively limited. Our study has revealed that p-ERK is a downstream signaling pathway regulated by BCL11B. The ectopic activation of p-ERK in the MSC region leads to a decrease in the MSC population and disrupts tissue homeostasis. Importantly, our findings provide further insight into this regulatory mechanism, revealing that BCL11B directly controls the expression of Inhba, a subunit gene of activin A, thereby activating the non-canonical Activin signaling pathway p-ERK via TGFBR1-associated receptors within MSCs in the mouse incisor.

The TGF-β signaling superfamily has been extensively investigated throughout various stages from embryonic development to adulthood, and it is known to play crucial roles in processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. Despite its recognized significance, the precise role of the Activin signaling pathway in regulating the self-renewal, proliferation, or differentiation of adult stem cells remains elusive, particularly with respect to its non-canonical pathways. Interestingly, recent reports have indicated the potential involvement of Activin signaling in these processes, highlighting the need for further investigation. Activin has also emerged as a key regulator in the fate commitment of embryonic and cancer stem cells, as well as adult tissue stem cells^43,44. For instance, in hair follicle stem cells, Activin signaling has been implicated in maintaining stemness, while the role of TGF-β appears to be less prominent^45,46. In pancreatic cancer, ACTIVIN/NODAL regulate cancer stem cell self-renewal through interaction with their receptor, Alk4/7⁴³. In the context of MSCs in the mouse incisor, we show a significant upregulation of the TGFBR1 receptor, and its haploinsufficiency in the Arid1b mutant model completely rescues the defect in tissue homeostasis and restores the MSC population. Considering the shared receptors and transduction proteins involved in both the TGF-β and Activin signaling, we propose a mechanism in which Activin A interacts with type II Activin receptors (ActRII/ActRIIB) in MSCs. This interaction leads to the recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of the type I receptor TGFBR1, subsequently initiating downstream signaling events. Importantly, this mechanism occurs in the absence of ARID1B. Further studies are needed to validate and provide a comprehensive understanding of this proposed regulatory mechanism. Intriguingly, the canonical pSMAD2 pathway is exclusively activated in differentiated dental pulp cells, not in MSCs. However, the widespread expression of TGF-β ligands and receptors in both MSCs and differentiated cells suggests the potential involvement of other regulators, such as extracellular matrix proteins, in releasing latent TGF-β ligands for activation, thereby activating the pSMAD2/pSMAD3 signaling pathway. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate these intricate regulatory mechanisms. Importantly, our study demonstrates how the ARID1B-BCL11B regulatory network may be specifically responsible for regulating the non-canonical Activin signaling to control the fate of MSCs in maintaining tissue homeostasis.

Our study shows definitive and compelling evidence for the crucial role of ARID1B in regulating MSC homeostasis by suppressing non-canonical Activin signaling. This regulatory mechanism involves BCL11B, which is controlled by ARID1B and acts at the promoter to regulate the expression of the activin A subunit, Inhba. Elevated Inhba expression leads to the ectopic deposition of activin A, which in turn activates p-ERK signaling in MSCs, resulting in changes in MSC fate and disruption of tissue homeostasis. These findings highlight the cellular function of ARID1B in controlling MSC fate and maintaining tissue homeostasis, underscoring the significance of the ARID1B-BCL11B-non-canonical Activin signaling regulatory network in controlling the fate of MSCs during tissue homeostasis.

Methods

Animals

This study was conducted in compliance with the regulations and guidelines set forth by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Southern California. The mice were maintained in a pathogen-free facility and appropriate measures were taken to ensure their welfare. At the end of the study, humane euthanasia was carried out using carbon dioxide overdose followed by cervical dislocation.

This study used and cross-bred the following mouse lines: Arid1b^fl/fl (JAX:032061)¹³, Bcl11b^fl/fl (JAX:034469)⁴⁷, Tgfbr1^fl/fl (JAX: 028701)⁴⁸, Erk2^fl/fl (JAX:019112)⁴⁹, Gli1-CreER (JAX:007913)⁵⁰, Sox2-CreER (JAX: 017593)⁵¹, and Gli1-LacZ (JAX:008211)⁵².

Tamoxifen administration

To prepare the injection agent, tamoxifen (Sigma-Aldrich, T5648) and corn oil (Sigma-Aldrich, C8267) were mixed to achieve a concentration of 20 mg/mL. We administered intraperitoneal injections of tamoxifen to mice at one month of age, at a dosage of 1.5 mg per 10 g of body weight, given for three consecutive days (one injection per day). The control mice utilized in our study were Arid1b^fl/fl mice subjected to the same tamoxifen injection protocol.

Notch movement assay

After one week of tamoxifen induction, control and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice were anesthetized and a notch was created on the enamel of one incisor above the gumline using a carbide bur (Brasseler USA, 018554U0). The amount of incisor growth was measured every other day after the notch was made.

Histological analysis

The mouse mandibles were carefully dissected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) at 4 °C overnight. Subsequently, the samples were decalcified in 10% EDTA/PBS solution for 2–4 weeks. After decalcification, the mandibles were subjected to a series of ethanol and xylene baths for dehydration and subsequently embedded in paraffin. The tissue samples were sliced into 4 µm sections using a microtome (Leica, RM2235) and then subjected to Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining for histological analysis. The HE staining procedure was carried out according to standard protocols.

Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization

The mouse mandibles were prepared for immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization analysis following the protocol described above. Briefly, the mandibles were dehydrated in sucrose/PBS solutions of increasing concentrations (15%, 30%, and sucrose/O.C.T.), before being embedded in O.C.T. compound. The samples were sliced into 8 µm sections with a cryostat (Leica, CM1850) and collected onto slides. For immunofluorescence staining, the slides were incubated in a blocking solution (PerkinElmer, FP1012) for 1 h at room temperature before overnight incubation with primary antibodies at 4 °C. After overnight primary antibody incubation, the slides were rinsed with PBST and then incubated with Alexa-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:200, Invitrogen) for 2 h at room temperature, counterstained with DAPI (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 62248), and then mounted. All the images were captured with a fluorescence microscope (Keyence, BZ-X810).

The primary antibodies used in this study were: ARID1B (1:100, Abcam, ab244351), Ki67 (1:100, Abcam, ab15580), β-galactosidase (β-GAL) (1:100, Abcam, ab9361), Activin A (1:100, R&D Systems, MAB3381), p-SMAD2 (1:100, Cell Signaling, 18338), p-COFILIN (1:100, Cell Signaling, 3313), p-JNK (1:100, Cell Signaling, 9255), and p-ERK (1:100, Cell Signaling, 4370).

in situ hybridization was performed using the RNAscope Multiples fluorescent v2 kit (Advanced Cell Diagnosis, 323100) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The probes used in this study were synthesized by Advanced Cell Diagnostics: Probe-Mm-Dspp (448301), Probe-Mm-Bcl11b-C3 (413271-C3), Probe-Mm-Inhba (455871), Probe-Mm-Tgfbr1 (406201), Probe-Mm-Fmod (479421), Probe-Mm-Pax9 (454321), Probe-Mm-Thsd7b (850281-C3), Probe-Mm-Adamts18 (452251).

EdU incorporation, staining, and TUNEL assays

For EdU labeled LRCs, Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl and control mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) at a dosage of 25 µg/g body weight once per day from postnatal day 5 until one month of age. One month after the final EdU injection, tamoxifen injections were administered once daily for three consecutive days. Mandibles were collected one week after the last tamoxifen injection, and then dissected, fixed, and decalcified as described above for immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization to prepare for cryosectioning. EdU staining was detected using the Click-iT plus EdU cell proliferation kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, C10637). Cell apoptosis was detected using the Click-iT plus TUNEL Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, C10617). Both procedures were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Fluorescent double labeling

To visualize newly forming dentin, we used calcein and Alizarin red S, which produce green and red fluorescence, respectively. Calcein was dissolved in PBS at a concentration of 4 mg/ml, while Alizarin red S was dissolved in bacteriostatic water at 8 mg/ml and filtered through a Millipore filter. Calcein was injected intraperitoneally one week after tamoxifen induction, and Alizarin red S was injected five days later at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight. Two days after Alizarin red S injection, the mouse incisor was collected, and fluorescent complexes bound to calcium were visualized using a fluorescence microscope (Keyence, BZ-X810).

RNA-sequencing analysis

After four days of tamoxifen induction, the proximal mesenchymal tissue of the mouse incisor was dissected from Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl and control mice. RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Micro Kit (Qiagen, 74004) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The cDNA library was prepared, and sequencing was carried out by the Molecular Genomics Core at the University of Southern California (USC). Raw data were trimmed, aligned to the mouse mm10 genome, and subjected to differential expression analysis using Partek Flow, with a significance of FDR ≤ 0.1 and absolute fold change > 1.5.

Mesenchymal cell isolation

The mouse incisor proximal mesenchymal tissue was harvested and mechanically fragmented into small pieces to aid in cell digestion using 2 mg/mL collagenase type I (Worthington, LS004196) and 4 mg/mL dispase II (Sigma-Aldrich, 54905400) dissolved in α-MEM media (Gibco, 12571063). The cells were incubated on a thermomixer (Eppendorf) at 37 °C with 44 x g shaking for 15 min, after which the digestion was terminated by adding α-MEM media with 10% FBS (Gibco, 16000044). The sample was then centrifuged at 600 x g for 5 min, the supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended in α-MEM media with 10% FBS.

Single-cell RNA sequencing

A single-cell RNA sequencing was performed for control and Gli1-CreER;Ardi1b^fl/fl mouse incisors, by employing pooled samples of eight mouse incisors for each group. After four days of tamoxifen induction, the mouse incisor proximal mesenchymal tissue was collected from Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl and control mice, and the cells were isolated as described in the “Mesenchymal cell isolation” section. To prepare for single-cell RNA sequencing, single cell suspensions from each sample were loaded onto the 10X Chromium system and were barcoded using the Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3ʹ v3.1. The libraries were constructed following the protocol of the Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3' Reagent Kits User Guide (v3.1 Chemistry) and were sequenced using the Illumina Novaseq System at the Technology Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The quality control, map**, and count table assembly of the libraries were processed using the CellRanger pipeline against the mouse mm10 annotated genome sequence. The raw read counts obtained from the CellRanger count command were analyzed using the Seurat 4.0 R package⁵³. The analyzed cell numbers were 9210 for the control and 8915 for the Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl samples.

Single-cell ATAC sequencing

A single-cell ATAC sequencing was performed for the control and Gli1-CreER;Ardi1b^fl/fl mouse incisors, by employing pooled samples of eight mouse incisors for each group. After four days of tamoxifen induction, the mouse incisor proximal mesenchymal tissue was collected from Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl and control mice, and the cells were isolated as described in the “Mesenchymal cell isolation” section. Then the cells were treated with lysis buffer to release nuclei. Single-cell ATAC-seq libraries were prepared using the Chromium Next GEM Single Cell ATAC Library & Gel Bead Kit (10x Genomics, PN-1000176). Briefly, the single-nuclei suspension was loaded onto the 10X Chromium system and barcoded for single-cell ATAC sequencing. The libraries were constructed according to the Chromium Single Cell ATAC Library & Gel Bead Kit protocol (v1.1 Chemistry). The scATAC-seq libraries were sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq System at the Technology Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The raw data was preprocessed, filtered, and mapped to the reference genome using the CellRanger ATAC pipeline against the mouse mm10 annotated genome sequence, and then used Signac for analyzing clusters and calling peaks⁵⁴.

CRISPRi vector design and transfection

A gRNA sequence of CAATCTTTCACGGCTACCCG with PAM sequence of TGG was designed based on its proximity to the ARID1B binding site (+150 bp to −150 bp). This gRNA sequence was then cloned into the pCas-Guide-Puro-CRISPRi plasmid (GE201122B, Origene Technologies) by Origene Technologies, resulting in the generation of the Bcl11b CRISPRi vector. As a control, pCas-Guide-Puro-CRISPRi-Scramble vector (GE100084, Origene Technologies) was used.

Primary cells were isolated as described in the “Mesenchymal cell isolation” section and transfected with the CRISPRi vectors using Lipofectamine LTX reagent (15338030, Invitrogen). The transfection procedure followed the protocol provided with the Lipofectamine® LTX DNA transfection reagents. Following transfection, RNA was collected, and reverse transcribed into cDNA for quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of Bcl11b expression. The following primer sequences were obtained from PrimerBank (Wang et al., 2012) and used for qPCR reactions: Bcl11b (Forward: 5’-CCTCCGTGATTACTTCACCTCT-3’; Reverse: 5’-TGACCCTCACCCTGAGTCC-3’).

Western blotting

The incisor proximal mesenchyme from control and Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl mice was collected and lysed in RIPA buffer (Cell Signaling, 9806) with protease inhibitor (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1861278) for 30 min at 4 °C. The soluble fraction was obtained by centrifugation at 14,000 × g at 4 °C for 10 min. Total protein extracts were then loaded onto a 4–15% precast polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad, 456-1084) and transferred onto PVDF membranes (Millipore, ISEQ00005). The membranes were subsequently blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 1 h before being incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. After that, the horseradish-peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were used to detect the proteins bound with primary antibodies. The western blot images were visualized using Azure 300 imaging system (Azure Biosystems) and the protein band intensities were analyzed in ImageJ.

The primary antibodies used for western blotting in this study were: anti-ARID1B (Abcam, ab244351, 1:1000), anti-p-SMAD2 (Cell Signaling, 18338, 1:1000), anti-SMAD2 (Cell Signaling, 5339, 1:1000), anti-p-AKT(Cell Signaling, 4060, 1:1000), anti-AKT (Cell Signaling, 9272, 1:1000), anti-p-P38 (Cell Signaling, 4511, 1:1000), anti-P38 (Cell Signaling, 8690, 1:1000), anti-p-ERK (Cell Signaling, 4370, 1:1000), anti-ERK (Cell Signaling, 4695, 1:1000), anti-p-JNK (Cell Signaling, 9255, 1:1000), anti-JNK (Cell Signaling, 9252, 1:1000), anti-p-NF-κB (Cell Signaling, 3033, 1:1000), anti-NF-κB (Cell Signaling, 8242, 1:1000), anti-p-COFILIN (Cell Signaling, 3313, 1:1000), anti-COFILIN (Cell Signaling, 5175, 1:1000), and anti-β-ACTIN (Abcam, ab20272, 1:1000).

CHIP-qPCR

The mouse incisor proximal mesenchymal tissue was collected from control mice, and the cells were isolated as described in the “Mesenchymal cell isolation” section. The ARID1B and BCL11B CHIP procedure was performed according to the protocol for the CHIP-IT Express Kit (Active motif, 53008). The antibodies used for ARID1B CHIP were 8 μl of abcam ab57461 and 5 μl of Cell Signaling 92964. The antibody used for BCL11B CHIP was 10 μl of Cell Signaling 12120. The antibody used for IgG CHIP was 5 μl of Cell Signaling 3900. Standard protocol qPCR reaction was run using SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix (Bio-Rad, 172-5202) on a Real-Time Systems (Bio-Rad, CFX96). The sequences of qPCR primers used to detect enriched DNA fragments for ARID1B binding site were 5’-ACAGTGTGTTGCAAACCAGG-3’ (forward) and 5’-TACACAAAGGGCATCCCCAG-3’ (reverse). The sequences of qPCR primers used to detect enriched DNA fragments for BCL11B binding site were 5’-CCCTGAGTTATCAGCAGCTTGTC-3’ (forward) and 5’-TCCCTGAAGCAAGGAGACAGG-3’ (reverse).

Mouse incisor explant culture

The proximal ends of the incisors were collected and dissected from Gli1-lacZand Gli1-CreER;Arid1b^fl/fl;Gli1-LacZ mice at 5 days post-induction, and cultured with a Trowell culture system in vitro. BGjb medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 2% penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen), and 0.1 mg/ml ascorbic acid (Sigma) were used to culture the explant tissue. Affi-Gel blue agarose beads (BioRad) were pre-washed in PBS and soaked in IgG control (0.2 μg/μl, R&D system) and ACTIVIN A neutralizing antibody (0.2 μg/μl, Abcam, ab89307) at 37 °C for at least 1 h. Then the beads were placed around the proximal end of the incisor. The explanted incisors were harvested after 3 days of cultivation and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C overnight. Afterward, explant samples were processed with regular dehydration, sectioning, and immunostaining protocols.

MicroCT analysis

The mouse incisors were collected and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h before being transferred to PBS for microCT imaging. Radiological images were captured using a SCANCO µCT50 (Scanco V1.28) at the University of Southern California Molecular Imaging Center with a resolution of 10 μm, and X-ray source at 90 kVp and 78 mA.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism9, with paired Student’s t-tests used to determine significance. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the measurements were taken from distinct samples.

Reporting summary

Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.

Data availability

The scRNA-seq, scATAC-seq, and bulk RNA-seq data generated in this study have been deposited in the GEO database under accession code GSE237305. Source data are provided with this paper.

References

Alfert, A., Moreno, N. & Kerl, K. The BAF complex in development and disease. Epigenet. Chromatin 12, 19 (2019).
Article Google Scholar
El Hadidy, N. & Uversky, V. N. Intrinsic disorder of the BAF complex: roles in chromatin remodeling and disease development. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 5260 (2019).
He, S. et al. Structure of nucleosome-bound human BAF complex. Science 367, 875–881 (2020).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kadoch, C. & Crabtree, G. R. Mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes and cancer: Mechanistic insights gained from human genomics. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500447 (2015).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Muchardt, C. & Yaniv, M. The mammalian SWI/SNF complex and the control of cell growth. Semin Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 189–195 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Panditharatna, E. et al. BAF Complex Maintains Glioma Stem Cells in Pediatric H3K27M Glioma. Cancer Discov. 12, 2880–2905 (2022).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Watanabe, R. et al. SWI/SNF factors required for cellular resistance to DNA damage include ARID1A and ARID1B and show interdependent protein stability. Cancer Res. 74, 2465–2475 (2014).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang, X. et al. Two related ARID family proteins are alternative subunits of human SWI/SNF complexes. Biochem. J. 383, 319–325 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Santen, G. W. et al. Mutations in SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex gene ARID1B cause Coffin-Siris syndrome. Nat. Genet. 44, 379–380 (2012).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zweier, M. et al. The HHID syndrome of hypertrichosis, hyperkeratosis, abnormal corpus callosum, intellectual disability, and minor anomalies is caused by mutations in ARID1B. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 173, 1440–1443 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mittal, P. & Roberts, C. W. M. The SWI/SNF complex in cancer - biology, biomarkers and therapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 17, 435–448 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shain, A. H. & Pollack, J. R. The spectrum of SWI/SNF mutations, ubiquitous in human cancers. PLoS One 8, e55119 (2013).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Celen, C. et al. Arid1b haploinsufficient mice reveal neuropsychiatric phenotypes and reversible causes of growth impairment. Elife 6, e25730 (2017).
Shibutani, M. et al. Arid1b haploinsufficiency causes abnormal brain gene expression and autism-related behaviors in mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 1872 (2017).
Jung, E. M. et al. Arid1b haploinsufficiency disrupts cortical interneuron development and mouse behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 1694–1707 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Moffat, J. J., Smith, A. L., Jung, E. M., Ka, M. & Kim, W. Y. Neurobiology of ARID1B haploinsufficiency related to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 27, 476–489 (2022).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Pagliaroli, L. et al. Inability to switch from ARID1A-BAF to ARID1B-BAF impairs exit from pluripotency and commitment towards neural crest formation in ARID1B-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat. Commun. 12, 6469 (2021).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Seidel, K. et al. Hedgehog signaling regulates the generation of ameloblast progenitors in the continuously growing mouse incisor. Development 137, 3753–3761 (2010).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhao, H. et al. Secretion of shh by a neurovascular bundle niche supports mesenchymal stem cell homeostasis in the adult mouse incisor. Cell Stem Cell 14, 160–173 (2014).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chai, Y. et al. Fate of the mammalian cranial neural crest during tooth and mandibular morphogenesis. Development 127, 1671–1679 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kaukua, N. et al. Glial origin of mesenchymal stem cells in a tooth model system. Nature 513, 551–554 (2014).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Miletich, I. & Sharpe, P. T. Neural crest contribution to mammalian tooth formation. Birth Defects Res C. Embryo Today 72, 200–212 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Feng, J., Mantesso, A., De Bari, C., Nishiyama, A. & Sharpe, P. T. Dual origin of mesenchymal stem cells contributing to organ growth and repair. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 6503–6508 (2011).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
An, Z. et al. Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem to Transit-Amplifying Cell Transition in the Continuously Growing Mouse Incisor. Cell Rep. 23, 3102–3111 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
**g, J. et al. Reciprocal interaction between mesenchymal stem cells and transit amplifying cells regulates tissue homeostasis. Elife 10, e59459 (2021).
Juuri, E. et al. Ptch2 is a Potential Regulator of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Physiol. 13, 877565 (2022).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pei, F. et al. Sensory nerve niche regulates mesenchymal stem cell homeostasis via FGF/mTOR/autophagy axis. Nat. Commun. 14, 344 (2023).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shi, C. et al. BMP Signaling in Regulating Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Incisor Homeostasis. J. Dent. Res 98, 904–911 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang, X. P. et al. An integrated gene regulatory network controls stem cell proliferation in teeth. PLoS Biol. 5, e159 (2007).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cao, E. Y., Ouyang, J. F. & Rackham, O. J. L. GeneSwitches: ordering gene expression and functional events in single-cell experiments. Bioinformatics 36, 3273–3275 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
MacLeod, R. S. et al. Effective CRISPR interference of an endogenous gene via a single transgene in mice. Sci. Rep. 9, 17312 (2019).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Feng, J. et al. TGF-beta signaling and Creb5 cooperatively regulate Fgf18 to control pharyngeal muscle development. Elife 11, e80405 (2022).
Kyrylkova, K. et al. BCL11B regulates epithelial proliferation and asymmetric development of the mouse mandibular incisor. PLoS One 7, e37670 (2012).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li, F., Long, Y., Yu, X., Tong, Y. & Gong, L. Different Immunoregulation Roles of Activin A Compared With TGF-beta. Front Immunol. 13, 921366 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peng, D., Fu, M., Wang, M., Wei, Y. & Wei, X. Targeting TGF-beta signal transduction for fibrosis and cancer therapy. Mol. Cancer 21, 104 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Du, J. et al. Arid1a regulates cell cycle exit of transit-amplifying cells by inhibiting the Aurka-Cdk1 axis in mouse incisor. Development 148, dev198838 (2021).
Inoue, J. et al. Identification of BCL11B as a regulator of adipogenesis. Sci. Rep. 6, 32750 (2016).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kyrylkova, K., Iwaniec, U. T., Philbrick, K. A. & Leid, M. BCL11B regulates sutural patency in the mouse craniofacial skeleton. Dev. Biol. 415, 251–260 (2016).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Li, L., Leid, M. & Rothenberg, E. V. An early T cell lineage commitment checkpoint dependent on the transcription factor Bcl11b. Science 329, 89–93 (2010).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu, P., Li, P. & Burke, S. Critical roles of Bcl11b in T-cell development and maintenance of T-cell identity. Immunol. Rev. 238, 138–149 (2010).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sidwell, T. & Rothenberg, E. V. Epigenetic Dynamics in the Function of T-Lineage Regulatory Factor Bcl11b. Front Immunol. 12, 669498 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wakabayashi, Y. et al. Bcl11b is required for differentiation and survival of alphabeta T lymphocytes. Nat. Immunol. 4, 533–539 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lonardo, E. et al. Nodal/Activin signaling drives self-renewal and tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer stem cells and provides a target for combined drug therapy. Cell Stem Cell 9, 433–446 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Xu, R. H. et al. NANOG is a direct target of TGFbeta/activin-mediated SMAD signaling in human ESCs. Cell Stem Cell 3, 196–206 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Oshimori, N. & Fuchs, E. Paracrine TGF-beta signaling counterbalances BMP-mediated repression in hair follicle stem cell activation. Cell Stem Cell 10, 63–75 (2012).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pauklin, S. & Vallier, L. Activin/Nodal signalling in stem cells. Development 142, 607–619 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Golonzhka, O. et al. Dual role of COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 in epidermal homeostasis and permeability barrier formation. J. Invest Dermatol 129, 1459–1470 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Larsson, J. et al. Abnormal angiogenesis but intact hematopoietic potential in TGF-beta type I receptor-deficient mice. EMBO J. 20, 1663–1673 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Samuels, I. S. et al. Deletion of ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase identifies its key roles in cortical neurogenesis and cognitive function. J. Neurosci. 28, 6983–6995 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ahn, S. & Joyner, A. L. Dynamic changes in the response of cells to positive hedgehog signaling during mouse limb patterning. Cell 118, 505–516 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Li, J. et al. BMP-SHH signaling network controls epithelial stem cell fate via regulation of its niche in the develo** tooth. Dev. Cell 33, 125–135 (2015).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bai, C. B., Auerbach, W., Lee, J. S., Stephen, D. & Joyner, A. L. Gli2, but not Gli1, is required for initial Shh signaling and ectopic activation of the Shh pathway. Development 129, 4753–4761 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hao, Y. et al. Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data. Cell 184, 3573–3587 e3529 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stuart, T., Srivastava, A., Madad, S., Lareau, C. A. & Satija, R. Single-cell chromatin state analysis with Signac. Nat. Methods 18, 1333–1341 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Dr. Bridget Samuels for critical reading and editing of the manuscript, Juechen Yang from Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Kuo-Chang (Ted) Tseng from USC Stem Cell for technical support with scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq analysis, USC Libraries Bioinformatics Service for assisting with data analysis training, and the USC Office of Research and the Norris Medical Library for providing bioinformatics software and computing resources. This study was supported by grant funding from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (R01 DE025221 to Y.C.).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
Mingyi Zhang, Tingwei Guo, Fei Pei, Jifan Feng, Junjun **g, Jian Xu, Takahiko Yamada, Thach-Vu Ho, Jiahui Du, Prerna Sehgal & Yang Chai

Authors

Mingyi Zhang
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Tingwei Guo
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Fei Pei
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Jifan Feng
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Junjun **g
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Jian Xu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Takahiko Yamada
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Thach-Vu Ho
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Jiahui Du
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Prerna Sehgal
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Yang Chai
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

M.Z. and Y.C. designed the study; M.Z. carried out most of the experiments and data analysis; T.G., F.P., J.F., J.J., T.Y., J.D. and P.S. participated in sample collection. J.X. provided experimental investigation. T.-V.H. participated in the microCT analysis. M.Z. and Y.C. co-wrote the paper. Y.C. supervised the research.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yang Chai.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Peer Review File

Reporting Summary

Source data

Source Data

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhang, M., Guo, T., Pei, F. et al. ARID1B maintains mesenchymal stem cell quiescence via inhibition of BCL11B-mediated non-canonical Activin signaling. Nat Commun 15, 4614 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48285-2

Download citation

Received: 11 August 2023
Accepted: 24 April 2024
Published: 30 May 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48285-2
Springer Nature Limited

ARID1B maintains mesenchymal stem cell quiescence via inhibition of BCL11B-mediated non-canonical Activin signaling

Abstract

Similar content being viewed by others

Introduction

Results

ARID1B plays an essential role in regulating adult mouse incisor growth and tissue homeostasis

Loss of Arid1b disturbs MSCs’ quiescence and leads to their proliferation

ARID1B directly suppresses BAF subunit Bcl11b expression in the MSC region to maintain tissue homeostasis

BCL11B directly regulates Activin A subunit gene Inhba to modulate Activin signaling

Loss of Arid1b ectopically activates non-canonical Activin signaling, p-ERK, impairing MSC homeostasis

Discussion

Methods

Animals

Tamoxifen administration

Notch movement assay

Histological analysis

Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization

EdU incorporation, staining, and TUNEL assays

Fluorescent double labeling

RNA-sequencing analysis

Mesenchymal cell isolation

Single-cell RNA sequencing

Single-cell ATAC sequencing

CRISPRi vector design and transfection

Western blotting

CHIP-qPCR

Mouse incisor explant culture

MicroCT analysis

Statistical analysis

Reporting summary

Data availability

References

Acknowledgements

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Contributions

Corresponding author

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

Peer review

Peer review information

Additional information

Supplementary information

Source data

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Share this article

Search

Navigation