SpringerLink
Log in

Immunosensors in Biology and Medicine: Analytical Capabilities, Problems, and Prospects

  • Published:
Journal of Analytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current status of research in immunosensors was considered. Primary attention was focused on electrochemical, piezoelectric, and optical immunosensors. The analytical capabilities of these devices were discussed. The applicability of these immunosensors to solving various analytical problems in medicine and pharmacology in particular, was demonstrated. The prospects for the further development of immunosensor technologies were shown.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications, Turner, A.F.P., Karube, I., and Wilson, G.S., Eds, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987. Translated under the title Biosensory: Osnovy i prilozheniya, Moscow: Mir, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Skladal, P., Electroanalysis, 1997, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 737.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Morgan, C.L., Newman, D.J., and Price, C.P., Clin. Chem. (Washington, D. C.), 1996, vol. 42, no. 2, p. 193.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Complementary Immunoassays, Collins, W.P., Ed., New York: Wiley, 1988. Translated under the title Novye metody immunoanaliza, Moscow: Mir, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Teoriya i praktika immunofermentnogo analiza (Theory and Practice of Enzymatic Immunoassay), Egorov, A.M., Ed., Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ivnitskii, D.M., Kurochkin, N.N., and Varfolomeev, S.D., Zh. Anal. Khim., 1991, vol. 46, no. 6, p. 1462.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ghindilis, A.L., Atanasov, P., Wilkins, M., and Wilkins, E., Biosens. Bioelectron, 1998, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 113.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Suleiman, A.A. and Guilbault, G.G., Analyst (Cambridge, U.K.), 1994, vol. 119, no. 11, p. 2279.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Skladal, P., Piezoelectric Biosensors, Chem. Listy, 1995, vol. 89, no. 3, p. 170.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kalab, T., Chem. Listy, 1995, vol. 89, no. 6, p. 363.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Janata, J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, vol. 97, no. 10, p. 2914.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Lin, Z.H., Shen, G.L., Miao, Q., and Yu, R.Q., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1996, vol. 325, nos. 1–2, p. 87.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Koncki, R., Ovczarek, A., Dzwolak, W., and Glab, S., Sens. Actuators B, 1998, vol. 47, nos. 1–3, p. 246.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ghindilis, A.L., Skorobogat'ko, O.V., and Yaropolov, A.I., Biomed. Sci. (Tokyo) 1991, no. 2, p. 520.

  15. Ghindilis, A.L., Skorobogat'ko, O.V., Gavrilova, V.P., and Yaropolov, A.I., Biosens. Bioelectron., 1992, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 301.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ghindilis, A.L. and Kurochkin, I.N., Biosens. Bioelectron., 1994, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 353.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sakai, H., Kaneki, N., Hara, H., and Ito, K., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1990, vol. 230. nos. 1–3, p. 189.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sergeyeva, T.A., Soldatkin, A.P., Rachkov, A.E., Tereschenko, M.I., Piletsky, S.A., and Elskaya, A.V., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, vol. 390, nos. 1–3, p. 73.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Colston, J.T., Kumar, P., Rael, E.D., Tsin, A.T.C., Valdes, J.J., and Chambers, J.P., Biosens. Bioelectron., 1993, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 117.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Shuvalova, Yu.V., Reshetilov, A.N., Yazynina, E.V., Zherdev, A.V., and Dzantiev, B.B., Abstracts of Papers, “Sensor 2000” (All-Russian Conf. “Sensor-2000”), St. Petersburg, 2000, p. 138.

  21. Aboulenein, H.Y., Stefan, R.I., Radu, G.L., and Bailescu, G.E., Anal. Lett., 1999, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 447.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Niwa, O., Xu, Y., Halsall, H.B., and Heineman, W.R., Anal. Chem., 1993, vol. 65, no. 11, p. 1559.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ghindilis, A.L., Makower, A., Bauer, C.G., Bier, F.F., and Scheller, F.W., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 304, nos. 1–2, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fernandez Sanchez, C. and Costa Garcia, A., Electroanalysis, 1998, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 249.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kreuzer, M.P., Osullivan, C.K., and Guilbault, G.G., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, vol. 393, nos. 1–3, p. 95.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Gehring, A.G., Brewster, J.D., Irwin, P.L., Tu, S.I., and Vanhouten, L.J., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1999, vol. 469, no. 1, p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Krishnan, R., Ghindilis, A.L., Atanasov, P., Wilkins, E., Montoya, J., and Koster, F.T., Electroanalysis, 1996, vol. 8, no. 12, p. 1131.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Deasy, B., Dempsey, E., Smyth, M.R., Egan, D., Bogan, D., and Okennedy, R., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, vol. 294, no. 3, p. 291.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Boitieux, J.L., Thomas, D., and Desmet, G., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1984, vol. 163, nos. 1–3, p. 309.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Aizawa, M., Morioka, A., Suzuki, S., and Nagamura, Y., Anal. Biochem., 1979, vol. 94, no. 1, p. 22.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Skorobogatko, O.V., Ghindilis, A.L., Troitskaya, E.N., Shister, A.M., and Yaropolov, A.I., Anal. Lett., 1994, vol. 27, no. 15, p. 2997.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Skladal, P. and Kalab, T., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 304, nos. 1–3, p. 361.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Medyantseva, E.P., Shen', LiFa, Fedoseeva, O.V., Budnikov, G.K., Skrodelis, O.E., and Zeidaka, A.A., Zh. Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol., 1993, vol. 29, no. 4, p. 619.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Masson, M., Liu, Z., Haruyama, T., Kobatake, E., Ikariyama, Y., and Aizawa, M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 304, no. 3, p. 353.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kulis, J., Razumas, V., and Malinauskas, A., Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg., 1980, vol. 7, p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ducey, M.W., Smith, A.M., Guo, X.A., and Meyerhoff, M.E., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, vol. 357, nos. 1–2, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Palmer, D.A., Edmonds, T.E., and Seare, N.J., Anal. Lett., 1993, vol. 26, no. 7, p. 1425.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Bauer, C.G., Eremenko, A.V., Kuhn, A., Kurzinger, K., Makower, A., and Scheller, F.W., Anal. Chem., 1998, vol. 70, no. 21, p. 4624.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Duan, C.M. and Meyerhoff, M.E., Anal. Chem., 1994, vol. 66, no. 9, p. 1369.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Chetcuti, A.F., Wong, D.K.Y., and Stuart, M.C., Anal. Chem., 1999, vol. 71, no. 18, p. 4088.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Treloar, P.H., Nkohkwo, A.T., Kane, J.W., Barber, D., and Vadgama, P.M., Electroanalysis, 1994, vol. 6, no. 7, p. 561.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Yang, Z.P., Li, Y.B., Balagtas, C., Slavik, M., and Paul, D., Electroanalysis, 1998, vol. 10, no. 13, p. 913.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Skladal, P., Fiala, M., and Krejci, J., Int. J. Anal. Chem., 1996, vol. 65, no. 1, p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Biosensors for Direct Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants in Field, Nilolelis, D.P., Krull, U.J., and Wang, J., Eds., Moscow: Kluwer, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Pemberton, R.M., Hart, J.R., and Foulkes, J.A., Electrochim. Acta, 1998, vol. 43, no. 23, p. 3567.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Crowley, E.L., Osullivan, C.K., and Guilbault, G.G., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, vol. 389, nos. 1–3, p. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Crowley, E.L., Osullivan, C.K., and Guilbault, G.G., Analyst (Cambridge, U.K.), 1999, vol. 124, no. 3, p. 295.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Krishnan, R., Ghindilis, A.L., Atanasov, P., and Wilkins, E., Anal. Lett., 1995, vol. 28, no. 14, p. 2459.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Krishnan, R., Ghindilis, A.L., Atanasov, P., and Wilkins, E., Anal. Lett., 1996, vol. 29, no. 15, p. 2615.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Stiene, M. and Bilitewski, U., Analyst (Cambridge, U.K.), 1997, vol. 122, no. 2, p. 155.

    Google Scholar 

  51. He, Y.N., Chen, H.Y., Zheng, J.J., Zhang, G.Y., and Chen, Z.L., Talanta, 1997, vol. 44, no. 5, p. 823.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lu, B., Iwuoha, E.I., Smyth, M.R., and Okennedy, R., Anal. Commun., 1997, vol. 34, no. 1, p. 21.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lu, B., Iwuoha, E.I., Smyth, M.R., and Okennedy, R., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, vol. 345, nos. 1–3, p. 59.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Vreeke, M., Rocca, P., and Heller, A., Anal. Chem., 1995, vol. 67, no. 2, p. 303.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Zhang, S.S., Jiao, K., and Chen, H.Y., Acta Chim. Sinica, 1999, vol. 57, no. 8, p. 914.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Xu, Y.H. and Suleiman, A.A., Anal. Lett., 1997, vol. 30, no. 15, p. 2675.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Suleiman, A.A. and Xu, Y.H., Electroanalysis, 1998, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 240.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Pritchard, D.J., Morgan, H., and Cooper, J.M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 310, no. 2, p. 251.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Santandreu, M., Alegret, S., and Fabregas, E., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, vol. 396, no. 23, p. 181.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Lu, B., Smyth, M.R., Okennedy, R., Moulds, J., and Frame, T., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, vol. 340, nos. 1–3, p. 175.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Abdelhamid, I., Ghindilis, A.L., Atanasov, P., and Wilkins, E., Anal. Lett., 1999, vol. 32, no. 6, p. 1081.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Katz, E. and Willner, I., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996, vol. 418, nos. 1–2, p. 67.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Suzawa, T., Ilariyama, Y., and Aizawa, M., Anal. Chem., 1994, vol. 66, no. 22, p. 3880.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Blonder, R., Katz, E., Cohen, Y., Itzhak, N., Piklin, A., and Willner, I., Anal. Chem., 1996, vol. 68, no. 18, p. 3151.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Boitieux, J.L., Biron, M.P., and Thomas, D., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1989, vol. 222, nos. 1–2, p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Medyantseva, E.P., Babkina, S.S., Vertlib, M.T., and Budnikov, G.K., Zh. Anal. Khim., 1993, vol. 48, no. 10, p. 1632.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Babkina, S.S., Medyantseva, E.P., Budnikov, H.C., and Tyshlek, M.P., Anal. Chem., 1996, vol. 62, no. 21, p. 3827.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kutyreva, M.P., Medyantseva, E.P., Khaldeeva, E.V., Budnikov, G.K., and Glushko, N.I., Vopr. Med. Khim., 1998, vol. 44, no. 2, p. 172.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Medyantseva, E.P., Khaldeeva, E.V., Glushko, N.I., and Budnikov, H.C., Anal. Chim. Acta, 2000, vol. 411, nos. 1–2, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Medyantseva, E.P., Kutyreva, M.P., Khaldeeva, E.V., and Glushko, N.I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 1999, vol. 54, no. 12, p. 1294.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Cousino, M.F., Heineman, W.R., and Halsall, H.B., Ann. Chim. (Rome), 1997, vol. 87, no. 1, p. 93.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Suzawa, T., Ikariyama, Y., and Aizawra, M., Anal. Sci., 1993, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 641.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Fernandez Sanchez, C. and Costa Garcia, A., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, vol. 402, nos. 1–2, p. 119.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Mustan, N. and Hall, E.A.H., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, vol. 396, nos. 2–3, p. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Santandreu, M., Cespedes, F., Alegret, S., and Martinezfabregas, E., Anal. Chem., 1997, vol. 69, no. 11, p. 2080.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Wang, J., Pamidi, P.V.A., and Rogers, K.R., Anal. Chem., 1998, vol. 70, no. 6, p. 1171.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Abdelhamid, I., Atanasov, P., Ghindilis, A.L., and Wilkins, E., Sens. Actuators, 1998, vol. 49, no. 3, p. 202.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Santandreu, M., Sole, S., Fabregas, E., and Alegret, S., Biosens. Bioelectron, 1998, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Ivnitski, D., Wolf, T., Solomon, B., Fleminger, G., and Rishpon, J., Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg., 1998, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hayes, F.J., Halsall, H.B., and Heineman, W.R., Anal. Chem., 1994, vol. 66, no. 11, p. 1860.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Fonong, T. and Rechnitz, G.A., Anal. Chem., 1984, vol. 56, no. 17, p. 2586.

    Google Scholar 

  82. McNeil, C.J., Athey, D., Ball, M., Ho, W.O., Krause, S., Armstrong, E.D., Wright, J.D., and Rawson, K., Anal. Chem., 1995, vol. 67, no. 21, p. 3928.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Sergeeva, T.A., Piletskii, S.L., Rachkov, A.E., and El'skaya, A.V., Zh. Anal. Khim., 1996, vol. 51, no. 4, p. 427.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Le Gal La Salle, A., Limoges, B., Anizon, J.Y., and Degrand, C., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993, vol. 350, no. 2, p. 329.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Le Gal La Salle, A., Limoges, B., Rapicault, S., Degrand, C., and Brossier, P., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 311, no. 3, p. 301.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Bordes, A.L., Schollhorn, B., Limoges, B., and Degrand, C., Talanta, 1999, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 201.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Ghindilis, A.L., Makower, A., and Scheller, F.W., Anal. Lett., 1995, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Deyle, M.J., Halsall, H.B., and Heineman, W.R., Anal. Chem., 1982, vol. 54, no. 13, p. 2318.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lee, K.S., Kim, T.H., Shin, M.C., Lee, W.Y., and Park, J.K., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, vol. 380, no. 1, p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Sargent, A., Loi, T., Gal, S., and Sadik, O.A., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1999, vol. 470, no. 2, p. 144.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Vagin, M.Yu. and Karyakin, A.A., Abstracts of Papers, “Sensor 2000” (All-Russian Conf. “Sensor-2000”), St. Petersburg, 2000, p. 132.

  92. Tessier, L., Schmitt, N., Watier, H., Brumas, V., and Patat, F., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, vol. 347, nos. 1–2, p. 207.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Collings, A.F. and Caruso, F., Rep. Progr. Phys, 1997, vol. 60, no. 11, p. 1397.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Konig, B. and Gratzel, M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, vol. 280, no. 1, p. 37.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Konig, B. and Gratzel, M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, vol. 276, no. 2, p. 329.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Konig, B. and Gratzel, M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, vol. 281, no. 1, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Konig, B. and Gratzel, M., Anal. Lett., 1993, vol. 26, no. 11, p. 2313.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Konig, B. and Gratzel, M., Anal. Lett., 1993, vol. 26, no. 8, p. 1567.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Konig, B. and Gratzel, M., Anal. Chem., 1994, vol. 66, no. 3, p. 341.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Konig, B. and Gratzel, M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 309, nos. 1–3, p. 19. 900

    Google Scholar 

  101. Mutlu, S., Saber, R., Kocum, C., and Piskin, E., Anal. Lett., 1999, vol. 32, no. 2, p. 317.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Fadeev, A.Yu., El'tsov, A.A., Aleshin, Yu.K., Malyshenko, S.I., and Lisichkin, G.V., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1994, vol. 68, no. 11, p. 2071.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Shao, B., Hu, Q., Hu, J.M., Ahou, X.Y., Xhang, W.M., Wang, X.H., and Fan, X.R., Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1993, vol. 346, nos. 10–11, p. 1022.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Ghourchian, H.O., Kamo, N., Hosokawa, T., and Akitaya, T., Talanta, 1994, vol. 41, no. 3, p. 401.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Ghourchian, H.O. and Kamo, N., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 300, nos. 1–3, p. 99.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Chu, X., Lin, Z.H., Shen, G.L., and Yu, R.Q., Analyst (Cambridge, U.K.), 1995, vol. 120, no. 12, p. 2829.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Tajima, I., Asami, O., and Sugiura, E., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1998, vol. 365, nos. 1–3, p. 147.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Chu, Z., Chen, G.L., **e, F.Y., and Yu, R.Q., Anal. Lett., 1997, vol. 30, no. 10, p. 1783.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Sakai, G., Saiki, T., Uda, T., Miura, N., and Yamazoe, N., Sens. Actuators, 1997, vol. 42, no. 2, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Masson, M., Yun, K.S., Haruyama, T., Kobatake, E., and Aizawa, M., Anal. Chem., 1995, vol. 67, no. 13, p. 2212.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Cohen, Y., Levi, S., Rubin, S., and Willner, I., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996, vol. 417, no. 1, p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Blonder, R., Levi, S., Tao, G.L., Bendov, I., and Willner, I., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, vol. 119, no. 43, p. 10 467.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Carter, R.M., Jacobs, M.B., Lubrano, G.J., and Guilbault, G.G., Anal. Lett., 1995, vol. 28, no. 8, p. 1379.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Attili, B.S. and Suleiman, A.A., Anal. Lett., 1995, vol. 28, no. 12, p. 2149.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Miura, N., Higobashi, H., Sakai, G., Takeyasu, A., Uda, T., and Yamazoe, N., Sens. Actuators B, 1993, vols. 13–14, p. 188.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Nakanishi, K., Masao, A., Sako, Y., Ishida, Y., Muguruma, H., and Karube, I., Anal. Lett., 1996, vol. 29, no. 8, p. 1247.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Nakanishi, K., Karube, I., Hiroshi, S., Uchida, A., and Ishida, Y., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1996, vol. 325, nos. 1–2, p. 73.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Jacobs, M.B., Carter, R.M., Lubrano, G.J., and Guilbault, G.G., Am. Lab. (Shelton, Conn.), 1995, vol. 27, no. 11, p. 26.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Bovenizer, J.S., Jacobs, M.B., Osullivan, C.K., and Guilbault, G.G., Anal. Lett., 1998, vol. 31, no. 8, p. 1287.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Si, S.H., Ren, F.L., Cheng, W., and Yao, S.Z., Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1997, vol. 357, no. 8, p. 1101.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Bendov, I., Willner, I., and Zisman, E., Anal. Chem., 1997, vol. 69, no. 17, p. 3506.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Betts, T.A., Catena, G.C., Huang, J., Litwiler, K.S., Zhang, J., Zagrobelny, J.A., and Bright, F.V., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1991, vol. 246, nos. 1–3, p. 55.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Heideman, R.G., Kooyman, R.P.H., and Greve, J., Sens. Actuators, 1991, vol. 4, nos. 1–2, p. 297.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Kooyman, R.P.H., Van Den Heuvel, D.J., Grijfhout, J.W., and Welling, G.W., Thin Solid Films, 1994, vol. 244, no. 5, p. 913.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Beyer, K., Reinecke, M., Noe, W., and Scheper, T., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 309, nos. 1–3, p. 301.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Sakai, G., Ogata, K., Uda, T., Miura, N., and Yamazoe, N., Sens. Actuators, 1998, vol. 49, nos. 1–2, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Miura, N., Ogata, K., Sakai, G., Uda, T., and Yamazoe, N., Chem. Lett., 1997, vol. 8, p. 713.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Sakai, G., Nakata, S., Uda, T., Miura, N., and Yamazoe, N., Electrochim. Acta, 1999, vol. 44, nos. 21–22, p. 3849.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Sasaki, S., Nagata, RE., Hock, B., and Karube, I., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1998, vol. 368, nos. 1–2, p. 71.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Katerkamp, A., Bolsmann, P., Niggemann, M., Pellmann, M., and Cammann, K., Mikrochim. Acta, 1995, vol. 119, nos. 1–2, p. 63.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Gizeli, E., Liley, M., Lowe, C.R., and Vogel, H., Anal. Chem., 1997, vol. 69, no. 23, p. 4808.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Minunni, M., Anal. Lett., 1995, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 933.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Rowe, C.F., Scruggs, S.B., Feldstein, M.J., Golden, J.P., and Ligler, F.S., Anal. Chem., 1999, vol. 71, no. 2, p. 433.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Rowe, C.A., Tender, L.M., Felden, J.P., Scruggs, S.B., Maccraith, B.D., Cras, J.J., and Ligler, F.S., Anal. Chem., 1999, vol. 71, no. 17, p. 3846.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Zhor, C.H., Pivarnik, P., Auger, S., Rand, A., and Letcher, S., Sens. Actuators B, 1997, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 169.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Ci, Y.X., Qin, Y., Chang, W.B., and Li, Y.Z., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 300, nos. 1–3, p. 273.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Astles, J.R. and Miller, W.G., Anal. Chem., 1994, vol. 66, no. 10, p. 1675.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Tanaka, M., Kamiya, S., Shibue, A., Namba, K., Yakariyama, Y., and Auzawa, M., Sens. Actuators B, 1993, vols. 13–14, p. 184.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Sasamoto, H., Maeda, M., Tsuji, A., and Manita, H., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, vol. 309, nos. 1–3, p. 221.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Eremenko, A.V., Bauer, C.G., Makower, A., Kanne, B., Baumgarten, H., and Scheller, F.W., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1998, vol. 358, no. 1, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Ivnitskii, D.M., Sitdykov, R.A., Kurochkin, V.E., and Reifman, L.E., Zh. Anal. Khim., 1991, vol. 46, no. 6, p. 1239.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Sadik, O.A. and Wallace, G.G., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, vol. 279, no. 2, p. 209.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Kazan State University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russia

    E. P. Medyantseva, E. V. Khaldeeva & G. K. Budnikov

Authors
  1. E. P. Medyantseva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. V. Khaldeeva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. K. Budnikov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Medyantseva, E.P., Khaldeeva, E.V. & Budnikov, G.K. Immunosensors in Biology and Medicine: Analytical Capabilities, Problems, and Prospects. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 56, 886–900 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012345025093

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012345025093

Keywords

Search

Navigation