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Characterization of site contaminated with petroleum-effluents and evaluation of neighbouring groundwater quality using combined electrical resistivity tomography and geochemical methods

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Abstract

A geoelectrical characterization of a petroleum effluents-contaminated site and geochemical analysis of nearby water sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used to ascertain the extent of pollution of the subsurface around an oil depot site. Six traverses of 2-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was laid using Wenner array with uniform electrode spacing ranging from 5 to 25 m at 5 m incremental step. The field resistivity data were processed and inverted using RES2DINV to obtain 2D model sections of the traverses. Water samples were collected from 15 sampling points and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with 5975C mass spectrometry. The 2D ERT sections showed low resistivity anomalies with values < 100 Ωm as mature/biodegraded LNAPLs plume up to average depth of 6—9 m. The concentrations of total PAHs in surface and groundwater ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 mg/L and 0.01 to 0.25 mg/L, respectively. The results show a good concurrence between the low resistivity anomalies and the summation of total PAHs greater than permissible limit in more than 70% of analysed water samples. The non-carcinogenic risk is normally below 1.0, whereas the total cancer risk (TCR) values for adults and children via oral ingestion and dermal contact are above the permissible limit of 1.00E-04, with children being the most susceptible. This study highlights the importance of integrated methods for better understanding of the extent of petroleum effluent contamination and recommends outright stoppage of effluent release into the adjoining stream.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Kazeem A Basheeru of Central Research and Reference Laboratories, University of Lagos for his invaluable assistance during laboratory analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples.

Funding

No fund was received for conducting this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Saheed Adekunle Ganiyu, Oluwaseun Tolutope Olurin, Lawal Oladele Onipede, Rasaq Akanji Lasisi & Biodun Suraj Badmus

  2. Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Azeem Adedeji Adeyemi

Authors
  1. Saheed Adekunle Ganiyu
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  2. Oluwaseun Tolutope Olurin
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  3. Lawal Oladele Onipede
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  5. Azeem Adedeji Adeyemi
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  6. Biodun Suraj Badmus
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Contributions

All authors contribute to the study conception and design. Material preparation, water samples collection as well as statistical analyses were performed by SAG, OTO, LOO, RAL, and BSB. AAA. and SAG contributed to calculation and data interpretation of health risk assessment.

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Correspondence to Saheed Adekunle Ganiyu.

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Ganiyu, S.A., Olurin, O.T., Onipede, L.O. et al. Characterization of site contaminated with petroleum-effluents and evaluation of neighbouring groundwater quality using combined electrical resistivity tomography and geochemical methods. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 9, 146 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00927-x

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