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Evaluation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater and soil near a petroleum distribution pipeline spill site, Eleme, Nigeria

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Abstract

The concentration, distribution, compositional pattern and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in groundwater and soil near petroleum product spilled site in Eleme (Nigeria) were investigated. The concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in groundwater samples varied from 4.25 to 9.03 µg/l and varied from 0 to 2.75 µg/l for the seven carcinogenic PAHs (Σ7carc PAHs). The Σ16 PAHs concentrations in soil samples ranged from 80.15 to 585 µg/kg, while the Σ7carc PAHs ranged from 43.8 to 381.0 µg/kg. The compositional patterns of PAHs in groundwater is characterized with low molecular weights, while the reverse was the case for the soil samples. The ratios of high molecular weight/low molecular weight, Flu/Pyr, Flu/Flu + Pyr and BaA/(BaA + Chr) showed origin of PAHs in groundwater and soil to be pyrolytic and petrogenic, respectively. Nemerow index for soil showed that the soils were heavily polluted. In comparison to effective range low (ERL) and effective range medium (ERM), 100% of acenaphthene and fluorine in soil would occasionally cause adverse threat to the environment. The values of hazard quotients (HQs) and total hazard index (HItotal) in groundwater and soil suggest no likelihood of any non-carcinogenic risk for adults and children, while estimates of total cancer risk (CRItotal) for BaA and BaP for adults and children suggest significant cancer risk with higher risk in children. The study recommends the remediation of the contaminated groundwater and soil.

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

    Aniekan Edet, Eyo Nyong & Aniediobong Ukpong

  2. Department of Soil Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

    Charles Edet

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  1. Aniekan Edet
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Edet, A., Nyong, E., Ukpong, A. et al. Evaluation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater and soil near a petroleum distribution pipeline spill site, Eleme, Nigeria. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 7, 50 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00530-y

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