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Extremophiles: the species that evolve and survive under hostile conditions

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Abstract

Extremophiles possess unique cellular and molecular mechanisms to assist, tolerate, and sustain their lives in extreme habitats. These habitats are dominated by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters that shape existing microbial communities and their cellular and genomic features. The diversity of extremophiles reflects a long list of adaptations over millions of years. Growing research on extremophiles has considerably uncovered and increased our understanding of life and its limits on our planet. Many extremophiles have been greatly explored for their application in various industrial processes. In this review, we focused on the characteristics that microorganisms have acquired to optimally thrive in extreme environments. We have discussed cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in stability at respective extreme conditions like thermophiles, psychrophiles, acidophiles, barophiles, etc., which highlight evolutionary aspects and the significance of extremophiles for the benefit of mankind.

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Fig. 1

(Modified from Kato et al. 1998; Orellana et al. 2018; MicroSoc 2022; NIH 2022)

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2022B0202110001), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos: 31972856 and 32061143043) and Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), India (No. YU/SeedGrant/104-2021). All authors duly acknowledge Dr. Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao (former affiliation: Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China) for his advice during preparation of the manuscript.

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  1. Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad

    Present address: Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People’s Republic of China

    Wen-Jun Li

  2. Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India

    Rekha Punchappady Devasya & Arun Ananthapadmanabha Bhagwath

  3. Microbial Diversity and Microbiology of Extreme Environments Research Group, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, IRNAS-CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain

    Juan M. Gonzalez

  4. National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), DBT-National Centre for Cell Science (DBT-NCCS), Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India

    Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad

  5. Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India

    Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad

  6. Yenepoya Institute of Arts, Science, Commerce and Management, A Constituent Unit of Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Yenepoya Complex, Balmatta, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India

    Arun Ananthapadmanabha Bhagwath

  7. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Bio Sciences and Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India

    Ruchi Urana

  8. Department of Microbiology, Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital, Saharsa, Bihar, 852201, India

    Khalid Parwez

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Rekadwad, B., Li, WJ., Gonzalez, J.M. et al. Extremophiles: the species that evolve and survive under hostile conditions. 3 Biotech 13, 316 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03733-6

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