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Identifying the source types of the seismic events using discriminant functions and tree-based machine learning algorithms at Soma Region, Turkey

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Abstract

In Soma Region, located in the western part of Turkey, both tectonic and anthropogenic source type of events are identified in earthquake catalogues by various seismology centers. Especially because of the low-magnitude quarry blasts, mistakes can be made in seismic catalogs in terms of source type, which can be further complicated by similar magnitude earthquakes. With this regard, the vertical component seismograms of 445 seismic events with a magnitude of Ml ≤ 2.5 recorded at the station SOMA, operated by Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Regional Earthquake–Tsunami Monitoring Center (KOERI–RETMC), were analyzed. First, two statistical analyses (Linear and Quadratic Discriminant Functions–LDF/QDF) were applied for amplitude ratio and complexity methods for 345 waveforms that have the same source types in both KOERI–RETMC catalogs and the first manual determination. The accuracies of the statistical approaches are varied between 87.25% and 97.39% and the better statistical classifier is the QDF for complexity method. Then, using the values obtained from two methods together, tree-based machine learning (ML) classifiers called as Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were applied to the same data set. All classifiers provided as 100% success rate for quarry blasts’ recordings, while earthquakes are categorized by RF, GB and SVM with 97.1%, 95.8% and 92.8%, respectively. Each ML algorithms were applied to the other 100 data identified as quarry blast on KOERI–RETMC catalogs but determined to be suspicious source types on first manual determination. Regarding to the outperforming RF and GB algorithms, the quarry blast recordings have just been reached as 53 and 55, respectively. Considering the accuracies of the ML algorithms in the testing and training data set, the source types of the low magnitude seismic events that are registered in the catalogs should be re-evaluated and refined in Soma Region using the station SOMA.

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Availability of data and materials

The data sets are freely available from the database of Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Regional Earthquake–Tsunami Monitoring Center (KOERI–RETMC) and the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The seismic waveform data reached from T.R. Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Regional Earthquake–Tsunami Monitoring Center (KOERI–RETMC). The figures are prepared using the GMT software (Wessel and Smith 1998), SAC (Goldstein et al. 2003), MATLAB 2015, Matplotlib library (Hunter 2007), Optuna (Akiba et al. 2019) and Google Earth Pro. The authors thank Prof. Olaf Kolditz (editor) and anonymous reviewers for their crucial and helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Directorate of Earthquake and Geotechnical Investigation, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, 34146, Bakırköy, İstanbul, Turkey

    Evrim Yavuz

  2. Department of Geomatics Engineering, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, 33110, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey

    Muzaffer Can Iban

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001, Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Ercan Arpaz

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  1. Evrim Yavuz
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data are obtained and prepared by EY. Data analyses were performed by EY, MCI, EA. The first draft of the manuscript was written by EY and MCI and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Evrim Yavuz.

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Yavuz, E., Iban, M.C. & Arpaz, E. Identifying the source types of the seismic events using discriminant functions and tree-based machine learning algorithms at Soma Region, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 82, 265 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10946-8

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