Abstract
South Asia has a remarkable diversity of squirrels and they play an important role in the ecosystem functioning of this region. An evaluation on a global scale showed that the tropics of South and Southeast Asia, whilst being the centre of high diversity are areas that have given rise to very less scientific knowledge. Thus, this study aims to understand the temporal and spatial variation in squirrel research in South Asia and to map the thematic research areas on squirrel research and understand, how much funding has the squirrel research attracted in the past few decades. Kee** the research goals in mind, a systematized search for papers following the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA) framework was followed. The articles were searched in Scopus. It was found that the greatest number of studies were published between 2011–2020 showing a positive trend on a temporal scale. A total of 43 studies have been done which comprises to 76 percent of the total studies conducted are in India and India shares a huge percentage of major Sciuridae species research in South Asia. Also, majority of the research is conducted on three species of giant squirrels in South Asia.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12595-023-00481-6/MediaObjects/12595_2023_481_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12595-023-00481-6/MediaObjects/12595_2023_481_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12595-023-00481-6/MediaObjects/12595_2023_481_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12595-023-00481-6/MediaObjects/12595_2023_481_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12595-023-00481-6/MediaObjects/12595_2023_481_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12595-023-00481-6/MediaObjects/12595_2023_481_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12595-023-00481-6/MediaObjects/12595_2023_481_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12595-023-00481-6/MediaObjects/12595_2023_481_Fig8_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdulali, H.U.M.A.Y.U.N., and J.C. Daniel. 1952. Race of the Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50: 467–474.
Agrawal, V.C., and S. Chakraborty. 1979a. Catalogue of mammals in the zoological survey of India. Rodentia, part I, sciuridae. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 74: 333–481.
Agrawal, V.C., and S. Chakraborty. 1979b. Taxonomic notes on some oriental Squirrels. Mammalia 43: 161–172.
Arockianathan, S. 2020. Nesting behavior of Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica Erxleben, 1777) in Mudumalai Tiger reserve, Western Ghats, Southern India. In Rodents. London: IntechOpen.
Babu, S., and A. Kalaimani. 2014. New site record of grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura from Thiruvannamalai forest division, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 6 (2): 5492–5493.
Babu Rao, G., R. Nagarajan, M. Saravanan, and N. Baskaran. 2015. Activity pattern and food habits of grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura) in Srivilliputhur grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, Southern India. International Letters of Natural Sciences 5: 54–67.
Baja, N., A. Sankari, N. Baskaran, R. Nagarajan, and M. Saravanan. 2017. Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica) distribution pattern, habitat structure and characteristics in the grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Srivilliputhur, Tamil Nadu India. Ratufa Indica. Ambient Science 4 (1): 57–61.
Baskaran, N., K. Senthilkumar, and M. Saravanan. 2011a. A new site record of the grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769) in the Hosur forest division, Eastern Ghats, India and its conservation significance. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3 (6): 1837–1841.
Baskaran, N., S. Venkatesan, J. Mani, S.K. Srivastava, and A.A. Desai. 2011b. Some aspects of the ecology of the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777) in the tropical forests of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India and their conservation implications. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3 (7): 1899–1908.
Bhatnagar, C., V. Kumar Koli, and S. Kumar Sharma. 2010. Summer diet of Indian Giant gliding Squirrel Petaurista philippensis (Elliot) in Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 107 (3): 183–188.
Borges, R.M. 1990. Sexual and site differences in calcium consumption by the Malabar Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica. Oecologia 85 (1): 80–86.
Borges, R.M. 1992. A nutritional analysis of foraging in the Malabar Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47 (1): 1–21.
Broadbent, E.N., G.P. Asner, M. Keller, D.E. Knapp, P.J. Oliveira, and J.N. Silva. 2008. Forest fragmentation and edge effects from deforestation and selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon. Biological Conservation 141 (7): 1745–1757.
Carey, A.B. 2000. Effects of new forest management strategies on Squirrel populations. Ecological Applications 10 (1): 248–257.
Carey, A.B., and M.L. Johnson. 1995. Small mammals in managed, naturally young, and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 5 (2): 336–352.
Chundawat, P.S., S.K. Sharma, and H.S. Solanki. 2002. Occurrence of the Large Brown Gliding Squirrel (Petaurista petaurista philippensis) in Pulwari Wildlife Sanctuary Rajasthan. Zoos’ Print Journal 17 (11): 941.
Datta, A., and S.P. Goyal. 1996. Comparison of forest structure and use by the Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica) in two riverine forests of Central India. Biotropica 28: 394–399.
Datta, A., and R. Nandini. 2015. Sciurids. In Mammals of South Asia, vol. 2, ed. A.J.T. Johnsingh and N. Manjrekar, pp. 534–535. Hyderabad: University Press.
Ghose, R.K., and S.S. Saha. 1981. Taxonomic review of Hodgson’s Giant Gliding Squirrel, P. magnificus (Hodgson) (Sciuridae: Rodentia) with description of a new subspecies from Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 78: 93–102.
Gurjar, R.L., A.S. Kumbhar, J. Jena, J.K. Yogesh, C. Dave, R.P. Singh, and A. Mitra. 2013. Population density of Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica centralis (Ryley, 1913) in Satpura National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of Research in Biology 3: 1086–1092.
Gurnell, J. 1987. The Natural History of Squirrels. London: Christopher Helm.
Hale, S.L., and J.L. Koprowski. 2018. Ecosystem-level effects of keystone species reintroduction: A literature review. Restoration Ecology 26 (3): 439–445.
Hamilton, J.C., R.J. Johnson, R.M. Case, and M.W. Riley. 1989. Assessment of squirrel-caused power outages. ASTM Special Technical Publication 1055: 34–40.
Herrera, C.M., and O. Pellmyr. 2009. Plant animal interactions: an evolutionary approach. Hoboken: Wiley.
Hutton, A.F. 1947. Nesting habits of Gliding Squirrels (P. philippensis). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 46: 539.
Jerdon, T.C. 1874. A handbook of the mammals of India. Delhi, India: Mittal Publications.
Johnson, C.N. 1996. Interactions between mammals and ectomycorrhizal Fungi. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11 (12): 503–507.
Joshua, J., and A.J.T. Johnsingh. 1994. Impact of biotic disturbances on the habitat and population of the endangered Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura in South India. Biological Conservation 68 (1): 29–34.
Kannan, R.J.D.A., and D.A. James. 1997. Breeding biology of the Great Pied Hornbill (Buceros Bicornis) in the Anaimalai Hills of Southern India (With one plate and two text-figures). Journal Bombay Natural History Society 94: 451–465.
Koli, V.K. 2014. Calling activity of Indian Giant Gliding Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis Elliot, 1839) in the tropical deciduous forests India. Wildlife Biology in Practice 10 (2): 102–110.
Koli, V.K., C. Bhatnagar, and D. Mali. 2011. Gliding behaviour of Indian Giant Gliding Squirrel Petaurista philippensis Elliot. Current Science 100 (10): 1563–1568.
Koli, V.K., C. Bhatnagar, and S.K. Sharma. 2013. Distribution and status of Indian Giant Gliding Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis Elliot) in Rajasthan India. National Academy Science Letters 36 (1): 27–33.
Koprowski, J.L. 2005. Management and conservation of Tree Squirrels: The importance of endemism, species richness, and forest condition. In Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago II. Proceedings RMRS-P-36, ed. J. Gottfried Gerald, S. Gebow Brooke, G. Eskew Lane, and B. Edminster Carleton, 245–250. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
Koprowski, J.L., and R. Nandini. 2008. Global hotspots and knowledge gaps for Tree and Gliding Squirrels. Current Science 95: 851–856.
Kremsater, L., F. Bunnell, D. Huggard, and G. Dunsworth. 2003. Indicators to assess biological diversity: Weyerhaeuser’s coastal British Columbia forest project. The Forestry Chronicle 79 (3): 590–601.
Krishna, M.C., A. Kumar, O.P. Tripathi, and J.L. Koprowski. 2016. Diversity, distribution and status of gliding squirrels in protected and non-protected areas of Eastern Himalayas in India. Hystrix 27 (2): 111.
Lee, P.F., and C.Y. Liao. 1998. Species richness patterns and research trend of Gliding Squirrel. Journal of Taiwanese Museum 51 (2): 1–20.
Lorimer, D.L. 1924. Woolly Gliding Squirrel. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 30: 219.
Mackenzie, J.M.D. 1916. Gliding Squirrel nests. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society XXIV: 820.
McGarigal, K., and S.A. Cushman. 2002. Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation effects. Ecological Applications 12 (2): 335–345.
Minnette, F.C. 1947. Notes on Gliding Squirrel (Petaurista sp.). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 47: 52–56.
Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D.G. Altman. 2009. Prisma group 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Physical Therapy 89: 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/89.9.873.
Munch, S. 1996. Erfassungsmethoden fur das Europaische Eichhornchen (Sciurus vulgaris) und dessen Bedeutung für säugetierkundliche Gutachten. Schriftenr 46: 97–104.
Nandini, R., and N. Parthasarathy. 2008. Food habits of the Indian Giant Gliding Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis) in a rain forest fragment, Western Ghats. Journal of Mammalogy 89 (6): 1550–1556.
Palei, H.S., H.K. Sahu, and A.K. Nayak. 2015. Population density, diurnal activity pattern and food preference of Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica in Similipal Tiger Reserve, eastern India. Mammal Study 40 (4): 257–263.
Palei, N.C., H.S. Palei, B.P. Rath, and A.K. Mishra. 2017. Fodder plants of Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica) in Kapilash Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha India. e-planet 15 (2): 155–160.
Pillai, R., J. Kikani, N. Walmiki, U. Parab, and S. Karangutkar. 2020. A record of Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) feeding on Ratufa indica Erxleben. Herpetology Notes 13: 389–390.
Poudel, B.S., P.G. Spooner, and A. Matthews. 2015. Temporal shift in activity patterns of Himalayan marmots in relation to pastoralism. Behavioral Ecology 26 (5): 1345–1351.
Pradhan, A.K., S. Shrotriya, S.D. Rout, and P.K. Dash. 2017. Nesting and feeding habits of Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica) in Karlapat wildlife sanctuary India. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 40 (1): 63–69.
Prater, S.H. 1948. The book of Indian animals. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society.
Rosenberg, D.K., J.R. Waters, K.J. Martin, R.G. Anthony, and C.J. Zabel. 1996. The Northern Gliding Squirrel in the Pacific Northwest: Implications for management of the greater Fundy ecosystem. In Using population viability analysis in ecosystem management at Fundy National Park, ed. S.P. Fleming, 23–29. Halifax: Parks Canada, Atlantic Region; Parks Canada-Ecosystem Science Review Reports.
Singh, N., and N. Dharaiya. 2021. Distribution and relative abundance of Indian Giant Gliding Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis) in Gujarat India. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity 5 (1): 53–62.
Smith, W.P., S.M. Gende, and J.V. Nichols. 2005. The Northern Gliding Squirrel as an indicator species of temperate rain forest: Test of an hypothesis. Ecological Applications 15 (2): 689–700.
Somanathan, H., S. Mali, and R.M. Borges. 2007. Arboreal larder-hoarding in the tropical Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica. Ecoscience 14 (2): 165–169.
Srinivas, V., P.D. Venugopal, and S. Ram. 2008. Site occupancy of the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica (Erxleben) in Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu India. Current Science 95 (7): 889–894.
Srinivasulu, C., and B. Srinivasulu. 2012. South Asian mammals: Their diversity, distribution, and status. Cham: Springer.
Steele, M.A. 2008. Evolutionary interactions between Tree Squirrels and trees: A review and synthesis. Current Science 95 (7): 871–876.
Steele, M.A. 2021. Oak seed dispersal: A study in plant-animal interactions. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Steele, M.A., and J.L. Koprowski. 2001. North American Tree Squirrels. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Steele, M.A., and X. Yi. 2020. Squirrel-seed interactions: The evolutionary strategies and impact of squirrels as both seed predators and seed dispersers. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8: 259.
Steele, M.A., L. Wauters, and K. Larsen. 2005. Selection, predation, and dispersal of seeds by Tree Squirrels in temperate and boreal forests: Are Tree Squirrels keystone granivores? In Seed Fate: Predation Dispersal and Seedling Establishment, ed. P.M. Forget, J. Lambert, P. Hulme, and S. Vander Wall, 205–219. Wallingford: CAB International.
Steele, M.A., S.L. Halkin, P.D. Smallwood, T.J. McKenna, K. Mitsopoulos, and M. Beam. 2008. Cache protection strategies of a scatter-hoarding rodent: Do Tree Squirrels engage in behavioural deception? Animal Behaviour 75: 705–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.026.
Sushma, H.S., and M. Singh. 2008. Hunting of Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica) by the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) in the Western Ghats India. Current Science 95 (11): 1535–1536.
Tallis, H., and P. Kareiva. 2005. Ecosystem Services. Current Biology 15 (18): R746–R748.
Thomas, K., and P.O. Nameer. 2018. Alarming population status of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, the Western Ghats India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10 (10): 12350–12356.
Thomas, K., and P.O. Nameer. 2021. Characterisation of breeding habitat of Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura (Mammalia: Sciuridae) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13 (8): 18993–19001.
Thomas, K., D.K. Vinodkumar, J.M. John, M. Shaji, and P.O. Nameer. 2018. A report on the possible interbreeding between Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura and Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica from Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in the southern Western Ghats India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10 (15): 13024–13028.
Thorington, R.W., Jr., and L.R. Heaney. 1981. Body proportions and gliding adaptations of Gliding Squirrels (Petauristinae). Journal of Mammalogy 62: 101–114.
Thorington, R.W., Jr., A.L. Musante, G.G. Anderson, and K. Darrow. 1996. Validity of three genera of Gliding Squirrels: Euglaucomys, Glaucomys, and Hylopetes. Journal of Mammalogy 77: 69–83.
Thorington, R.W., Jr., K. Darrow, and G.G. Anderson. 1998. Wing tip anatomy and aerodynamics in the Gliding Squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy. 59: 858–899.
Thorington, R.W., Jr., J.L. Koprowski, M.A. Steele, and J.F. Whatton. 2012. Squirrels of the world. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Tikader, B.K. 1983. Threatened animals of India, 307. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India.
Times of India. 2010. Poachers on the prowl–Grizzled Giant Squirrel new addition to illegal pet trade. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/poachers-on-theprowl-grizzled-giant-squirrel-newaddition-to-illegal-pet-trade/articleshow/56013360.cm
Veeramani, A., M. Balasubramanian, and J. Mathew. 2018. Status and distribution of Grizzled Giant Squirrel in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. In Indian Hotspots, 229–240. Singapore: Springer.
Vimalraj, S., K. Raman, D.A. Reddy, B. Harikrishnan, B.M. Krishnakumar, and K.M. Selvan. 2018. A new sight record and range extension of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura dandolena (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in the Eastern Ghats of southern peninsular India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10 (1): 11240–11242.
Walston, J., J.W. Duckworth, and S. Molur. 2016. Petaurista philippensis (errata version published in 2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T16724A184098981. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16724A184098981.en. Accessed 30 Apr 2023.
Wroughton, R.C. 1905. The common Striped Palm Squirrel. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 16: 406–413.
Wroughton, R.C. 1911. Oriental Gliding Squirrels of Pteromys group. Journal Bombay Natural History Society 26: 338–379.
Wroughton, R.C. 1915. Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report no. 18 and 19. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 24: 79–110.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the reviewers for their valuable comments. Also, we thank Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science & Technology (DST), Govt. of India for the funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ojha, S.P., Chetia, H., Sarma, K. et al. Sciuridae Research in South Asia—A Short Review. Proc Zool Soc 76, 207–215 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-023-00481-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-023-00481-6