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Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Ca–Mg–Al–Si–O + (Ca,Mn)S Duplex Inclusions in Ca–S Free-Cutting Steel

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Abstract

Large numbers of long strip-shaped pure MnS inclusions in steel will result in anisotropy of mechanical properties. To obtain more duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions in steel through adding Ca can decrease the proportion of long strip-shaped pure MnS inclusions, and anisotropy of mechanical properties can be reduced. In this paper, based on three heats of Ca–S free cutting steel with Al content under 0.01%, the characteristics and formation of Ca–Mg–Al–Si–O + (Ca,Mn)S duplex inclusions in bars were analyzed. The results indicate these duplex inclusions can be classified as four types, named as “Type-C”, “TypeMC-H”, “TypeMC-L”, and “Type-M”, respectively. For Type-C, although they behave spherical, CaS is enriched in (Ca,Mn)S and CaO is enriched in core oxides. For TypeMC-H, CaS content in (Ca,Mn)S is appropriate, they behave spindle-shaped, but CaO content in core oxides closes to Type-C. The formation of Type-C or TypeMC-H consumes lots of Ca element, which makes the overall number of duplex inclusions decrease. For TypeMC-L, their compositions and shapes are both appropriate. For Type-M, although they have higher aspect ratios, their formation can reduce the formation of pure MnS inclusions and improve the distribution of sulfides. Under the condition with specific Ca/S ratio in steel, to obtain more duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions for reducing anisotropy of mechanical properties, numbers of Type-C and TypeMC-H should be decreased, and numbers of TypeMC-L and Type-M should be increased. The key is to make SiO2 content in RH-end oxides as lower as possible, and Al content in steel should be controlled not less than 0.007%.

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Acknowledgements

The authors were grateful for support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51874034). The authors also appreciate Baowu Group Guangdong Zhongnan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. for the technical help.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Bei**g, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Bei**g, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Yao Li & Guoguang Cheng

  2. Baowu Group Guangdong Zhongnan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd, Shaoguan, 512123, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

    **long Lu & Hu Long

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  1. Yao Li
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  2. Guoguang Cheng
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  3. **long Lu
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  4. Hu Long
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Correspondence to Guoguang Cheng.

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Li, Y., Cheng, G., Lu, J. et al. Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Ca–Mg–Al–Si–O + (Ca,Mn)S Duplex Inclusions in Ca–S Free-Cutting Steel. Met. Mater. Int. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01733-6

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