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Thermodynamics of nozzle blockage in continuous casting of calcium-containing steels

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An Erratum to this article was published on 01 December 1984

Abstract

Calcium-bearing material is added commercially to remove sulfur and to control sulfide shape. Few steelmakers, however, have used calcium additions to cast aluminum-killed steels successfully through metering nozzles. In a development program to cast aluminum-killed steels at Inland's No. 1 Electric Furnace and Billet Caster Shop, calcium-silicide injection at first resulted in nozzle blockage in both aluminum-killed and silicon-killed steels. This paper discusses the thermodynamics of iron containing silicon, aluminum, calcium, oxygen, and sulfur, as well as analyses of the nozzle deposits. The thermodynamic calculations show that, in iron containing aluminum, the calcium content can be too high, so that solid calcium sulfides form. In iron containing silicon without aluminum, with similar calcium contents, solid calcium silicates and calcium sulfides can form. The results of the analyses from plugged nozzles were in agreement with these thermodynamic predictions.

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Abbreviations

pct:

weight percent i elementi in solution in iron

ΔGℴ:

Free energy of conversion at constant pressure and temperature,T, of reactants in their standard states to form one mole of products in their standard states. Standard state for elements dissolved in iron is a 1 pct solution. For solids, liquids, and gases, the standard state is the pure solid, liquid, or gas at 101 kPa (1 atm) pressure.

K :

equilibrium constant

’R:

gas constant, 8.31441 J/(mol K)

a k :

ctivity of speciesk

hi :

Henrian activity of solute elementi, which is equal to 1.0 for a hypothetical 1 pct solution.

f i :

Henrian activity coefficient of solute elementi. ef interaction coefficient. A measure of the extent to which increasing the concentration of solute elementj increases the activity of solute elementi (positive value ofef) or decreases the activity of solute elementi (negative value ofef).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Inland Steel Research Laboratories, 3001 East Columbus Drive, 6312, East Chicago, IN

    Howard M. Pielet (Senior Research Engineers) & Debanshu Bhattacharya (Senior Research Engineers)

Authors
  1. Howard M. Pielet
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  2. Debanshu Bhattacharya
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An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02657302.

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Pielet, H.M., Bhattacharya, D. Thermodynamics of nozzle blockage in continuous casting of calcium-containing steels. Metall Trans B 15, 547–562 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657387

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657387

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