SpringerLink
Log in

Tailoring the sorption properties of crystal violet by activated carbon extracted from waste onion

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Chemical Papers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Crystal violet (CV), a cationic dye is not only toxic for plant and animals but also for human, due to its resistance to biodegradation. It is, therefore, highly important to remove CV dyes from water resources. Adsorption is cost-effective and ecofriendly technique to remove CV dyes. Herein, we report the synthesis of novel waste onion-based porous biosorbent and its chemical activation through KOH. N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms show that activated carbon was found to be highly mesoporous with average particles size of 17 nm. The BET surface area was calculated to be 292.8 m2/g. To characterize the materials for structural, morphological and thermal stability, various analytical techniques like X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were performed. For comparison purpose both carbon and activated carbon samples were used to remove CV dyes from water resources. Freundlich isotherm model provides the best correlation for adsorption of CV on both the samples. Monolayer adsorption capacity (qm) for carbon and activated carbon was 8.7 and 18.6 mg/g respectively, which declared that activated carbon is more effective adsorbent then carbon. To explore the mechanism of adsorption thermodynamics and spectroscopic analysis were investigated. Positive value of \(\Delta H\) and negative value of \(\Delta G\) indicated that reaction is endothermic and spontaneous. Value of Ea < 40 kJ/mol indicates that mechanism of adsorption is physisorption. Overall onion waste provides an effective and novel biosorbents for removal of crystal violet dye from water resources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbas S, Javeed T, Zafar S, Taj MB, Ashraf AR, Din MI (2021) Adsorption of crystal violet dye by using a low-cost adsorbent–peanut husk. Desalin Water Treat 233:387–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali R, Aslam Z, Shawabkeh RA, Asghar A, Hussein IA (2020) BET, FTIR, and RAMAN characterizations of activated carbon from waste oil fly ash. Turk J Chem 44(2):279–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Batool M, Javed T, Wasim M, Zafar S, Din MI (2021) Exploring the usability of Cedrus deodara sawdust for decontamination of wastewater containing crystal violet dye. Desalin Water Treat 224:433–448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazan A, Nowicki P, Półrolniczak P, Pietrzak R (2016) Thermal analysis of activated carbon obtained from residue after supercritical extraction of hops. J Therm Anal Calorim 125(3):1199–1204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blachnio M, Derylo-Marczewska A, Charmas B, Zienkiewicz-Strzalka M, Bogatyrov V, Galaburda M (2020) Activated carbon from agricultural wastes for adsorption of organic pollutants. Molecules 25(21):5105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Castro JP, Nobre JRC, Napoli A, Bianchi ML, Moulin JC, Chiou BS, Orts WJ (2019) Massaranduba sawdust: a potential source of charcoal and activated carbon. Polymers 11(8):1276

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chinniagounder T, Shanker M, Nageswaran S (2011) Adsorptive removal of crystal violet dye using agricultural waste cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell. Res J Chem Sci 2231:606X

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta S, Gupta B, Srivastava SK, Gupta AK (2021) Recent advances on the removal of dyes from wastewater using various adsorbents: a critical review. Mater Advances 2:4497–4531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elhadiri N, Benchanaa M, Chikri R (2020) Activated carbon for dyes removal: modeling and understanding the adsorption process. J Chem 2020:2096834

    Google Scholar 

  • Farma R (2019) Physical properties analysis of activated carbon from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber on methylene blue adsorption. J Technomater Phy 1(1):67–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foroutan R, Peighambardoust SJ, Peighambardoust SH, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM (2021) Adsorption of crystal violet dye using activated carbon of lemon wood and activated carbon/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite from aqueous solutions: a kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic study. Molecules 26(8):2241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Idan IJ, Abdullah LC, Choong TS, Jamil SN (2018) Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic adsorption studies of acid dyes on adsorbent developed from Kenaf core fiber. Adsorp Sci Technol 36(1–2):694–712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imran MS, Javed T, Areej I, Haider MN (2022) Sequestration of crystal violet dye from wastewater using low-cost coconut husk as a potential adsorbent. Water Sci Technol 85(8):2295–2317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Islam T, Liu J, Shen G, Ye T, Peng C (2018) Synthesis of chemically modified carbon embedded silica and zeolite from rice husk to adsorb crystal violet dye from aqueous solution. Appl Ecol Environ Res 16(4):3955–3967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi S, Pokharel BP (2013) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) seed stone by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide. J Inst Eng 9(1):79–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karam FF, Hassan FF, Hessoon HM (2021) Adsorption of toxic crystal violet dye using (Chitosan-OMWCNTs) from aqueous solution. Pap Present J Phys: Conf Ser 1991:012015

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil H, Jawaid M, Firoozian P, Rashid U, Islam A, Akil H (2013) Activated carbon from various agricultural wastes by chemical activation with KOH: preparation and characterization. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 7(6):708–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krika F, Krika A, Azizi A (2019) Arundo donax L. as a low-cost and promising biosorbent for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous media: kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic investigations. Chem Rev Lett 2(2):59–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyi PP, Quansah JO, Lee CG, Moon JK, Park SJ (2020) The removal of crystal violet from textile wastewater using palm kernel shell-derived biochar. Appl Sci 10(7):2251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lellis B, Fávaro-Polonio CZ, Pamphile JA, Polonio JC (2019) Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms. Biotechnol Res Innov 3(2):275–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loulidi I, Boukhlifi F, Ouchabi M, Amar A, Jabri M, Kali A, Aziz F (2020) Adsorption of crystal violet onto an agricultural waste residue: kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, and mechanism of adsorption. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5873521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mani S, Bharagava RN (2016) Exposure to crystal violet, its toxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects on environment and its degradation and detoxification for environmental safety. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 237:71–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naseem T, Baig MM, Warsi MF, Hussain R, Agboola PO, Waseem M (2020) Mesoporous silica prepared via a green route: a comparative study for the removal of crystal violet from wastewater. Mater Res Express 8(1):015005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaikhiev IG, Kraysman NV, Sverguzova SV (2022) Onion (Allium cepa) processing waste as a sorption material for removing pollutants from aqueous media. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 12(3):3173–3185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shamsuddin M, Yusoff N, Sulaiman M (2016) Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon produced from kenaf core fiber using H3PO4 activation. Procedia Chem 19:558–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Kaur A (2018) Various methods for removal of dyes from industrial effluents: a review. Indian J Sci Technol 11(12):1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taktak F, Ciğeroğlu Z, Güler B (2022) Preparation of a new zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate based superabsorbent copolymer hydrogel and its adsorption behavior toward cationic and anionic dyes. J Macromol Sci Part B 61(2):137–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wazir AH, Haq IU, Manan A, Khan A (2020) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from coal by chemical activation with KOH. Int J Coal Prep Util 42(5):1477–1488

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Fozia Bibi, Abdul Sattar & Muhammad Waseem

  2. Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Shahzad Hussain

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJK, Pakistan

    Fozia Bibi

Authors
  1. Fozia Bibi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdul Sattar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shahzad Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Waseem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muhammad Waseem.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bibi, F., Sattar, A., Hussain, S. et al. Tailoring the sorption properties of crystal violet by activated carbon extracted from waste onion. Chem. Pap. 77, 3957–3966 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02756-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02756-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation