Abstract
Transition metal aluminides in their coating form are currently being explored in terms of resistance to oxidation and mechanical behavior. This interest in transition metal aluminides is mainly due to the fact that their high Al content makes them attractive for high-temperature applications. This is also a reason to study their resistance to wear; they may be suitable for use in applications that produce a lot of wear in aggressive environments, thus replacing established coating materials. In this study, the microstructure, microhardness, and wear and oxidation performance of FeAl and NbAl3 coatings produced by high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying are evaluated with two main aims: (i) to compare these two coating systems—a commonly studied aluminide (FeAl) and, NbAl3, an aluminide whose deposition by thermal spraying has not been attempted to date—and (ii) to analyze the relationship between their microstructure, composition and properties, and so clarify their wear and oxidation mechanisms. In the present study, the higher hardness of niobium aluminide coatings did not correlate with a higher wear resistance and, finally, although pesting phenomena (disintegration in oxidizing environments) were already known of in bulk niobium aluminides, here their behavior in the coating form is examined. It was shown that such accelerated oxidation was inevitable with respect to the better resistance of FeAl, but further improvements are foreseen by addition of alloying elements in that alloy.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig6_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig7_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig8_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig9_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig10_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig11_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig12_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig13_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9339-9/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9339_Fig14_HTML.jpg)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Westbrook J. H., Applications of Intermetallic Compounds, MRS Bull. Vol. 21, Issue 5 (1996), 26-28.
Deevi S. C., Sikka V. K., Liu C. T., Processing, properties and applications of nickel and iron aluminides, Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 42 (1997) 177-192.
George E. P., Yamaguichi M., Kumar K. S., Liu C. T., Ordered intermetallics, Annl Rev. Mater. Sci., Vol. 24 (1994) 409-451.
Liu C. T., Stringer J., Mundy J. N., Horton L-L., Angelini P., Ordered intermetallic alloys: an assessment, Intermetallics, Vol. 5 (1997) 579-596.
Liu C. T., Stiegler J. O., Ductile Ordered Intermetallic Alloys, Science, Vol. 226. no. 4675 (1984) 636-642.
Skoglund H., Knutson M., Karlsson B., Processing of Fine-Grained Mechanically Alloyed FeAl, Intermetallics, Vol. 12 (2004) 977-983.
Baker I., Nagpal P., Liu F. Munroe P. R., The effect of grain size on the yield strength of FeAl and NiAl, Acta Metall. Mater., Vol. 39, No. 7, (1991) 1637-1644.
Morris D.G., Morris-Muñoz M.A., The influence of microstructure on the ductility of iron aluminides, Intermetallics, Vol. 7 (1999) 1121-1129.
Bozzolo G. H., Noebe R. D., Amador C., Site Occupancy of Ternary Additions to B2 Alloys, Intermetallics, Vol. 10 (2002) 149-159.
Mekhrabov A. O., Akdeniz M. V., Effect of Ternary Alloying Elements Addition on Atomic Ordering Characteristics of Fe-Al Intermetallics, Acta Mater. Vol. 47, No. 7 (1999) 2067-2075.
Liu C.T., George E.P., Maziasz P.J., Scneibel J.H., Recent Advances in B2 Iron Aluminide Alloys: Deformation, Fracture and Alloy Design, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 258 (1998) 84-98.
Schneibel J. H., George E. P., Anderson I. M., Tensile Ductility, Slow Crack Growth, and Fracture Mode of Ternary B2 Iron Aluminides at Room Temperature, Intermetallics, Vol. 5 (1997) 185-193.
Fu C. L., Zou J., Site Preference of Ternary Alloying Additions in Feal and NiAl by First-Principles Calculations, Acta Mater., Vol. 44, No. 4 (1996) 1471-1478.
Tabaru T., Hanada S., High Temperature Strength of NbsAl-Base Alloys, Intermetallics, Vol. 6 (1998) 735-739.
Hanada S., Niobium Aluminides, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, Volume 2, Issue 3 (1997) 279-283.
www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_3/images/pdfs/016.pdf.
Gauthier V., Bernard F., Gaffet E., Munir Z. A., Larpin J. P., Synthesis of nanocrystalline NbAl3 by mechanical and field activation, Intermetallics, Vol. 9 (2001) 571-580.
Guilemany J. M., Cinca N., Lima C. R. C., Miguel J. R., Studies of Fe40Al coatings obtained by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel., Surf & Coat Tech, 201 (2006) 2072-2079.
B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray diffraction, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, cop. 1978.
Totemeier T., Wright R., Swank W. D., FeAl and Mo-Si-B intermetallic coatings prepared by thermal spraying, Intermetallics, 12 (2004), 1335-1344.
Ji G., Grosdidier T., Liao H. L., Morniroli J., Coddet C., Spray forming thick nanostructured and microstructured FeAl deposits, Intermetallics, 13 (2005) 596-607.
A. D’Oliveira, A. de Christo, D. S. Vaz, and B. R. Curitiba, Evaluation of Intermetallic Coatings Processed by PTA, International Thermal Spray Conference 2008, Maastricht.
I.M. Hutchings, Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials, A Division of Hodder Headline PLC, E. Arnold, Ed., 1992, p 103-105, ISBN 0-340-56184-x.
Raisson G., Vignes A., Oxidation and the Phenomenon of Catastrophic Deterioration of Niobium Aluminide NbAl3, Revue de Physique Appliqque, Vol. 5 (1970) 535.
Raj S. V., Hebsur M., Locci E., Doychak J., Effect of Oxidation on the Mechanical Properties of a NbAl3 Alloy at Intermediate Temperatures, Mater. Res. Soc., Vol 7, 12 (1992) 3219-3234.
Kircher T. A., Courtright E. L., Engineering Limitations of MoSi2 Coatings, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 155 (1992) 67-74.
Guilemany J. M., Cinca N., Dosta S., Lima C.R.C, High Temperature Corrosion of Fe-40Al Coatings, Intermetallics, Vol. 15 (2007) 1384-1394.
W.M.M. Huijbregts, and M.J. Brabers, Oxidation of Niobium Coated with Aluminium in Steam-Air Mixtures, J. Intern d’étude sur l’Oxydation des Metaux, 1965, p 61-69, http://www.hbscc.nl/pdf/01%20Niobium.pdf
Meier G. H., Research on Oxidation, Embrittlement of Intermetallic Compounds in the U.S, Mater. Corros., Vol. 47 (1996) 595-618.
Gauthier V., Josse C., Larpin J. P., Vilasi M., High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of the Intermetallic Compound NbAl3: Influence of Two Processing Techniques on the Oxidation Mechanism, Oxidation of Metals, Vol. 54, Nos. 1/2 (2000) 27-45.
Acknowledgments
N. Cinca would like to thank the Generalitat de Catalunya, project 2005SGR00310 and the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, project MAT2006-06025 and research grant AP-2004-2453, for their economic support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guilemany, J., Cinca, N., Dosta, S. et al. FeAl and NbAl3 Intermetallic-HVOF Coatings: Structure and Properties. J Therm Spray Tech 18, 536–545 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-009-9339-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-009-9339-9