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Elucidation of Solidification Behavior of Ti–6Al–4V under Convection and a Temperature Gradient Using Levitation Methods

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Abstract

To understand the effects of convection and a temperature gradient on solidification behavior, Ti–6Al–4V alloy samples were melted and solidified using three levitation methods: electrostatic levitation (ESL), electromagnetic levitation (EML) with severe convection, and aerodynamic levitation (ADL) with a large temperature gradient. Titanium carbide (TiC) particles were added to Ti–6Al–4V as heterogeneous nucleation site particles to make differences in microstructures obvious. The cross sections of the levitated samples were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to obtain prior-β grain maps. The grains in the ESL sample were relatively isotropic in shape, whereas the grains and dendrite structures of the EML sample were radially arranged throughout the cross section. Therefore, under significant convection, such as in the EML sample, as grain growth is suppressed downstream, grain growth in the direction perpendicular to the melt flow is accelerated. In the ADL sample with a large temperature gradient in a vertical direction, columnar and equiaxed grains were formed in the lower and upper parts of the sample, respectively. Therefore, during unidirectional solidification due to a large temperature gradient, the shape of the grains changes from columnar to equiaxed as constitutional undercooling increases.

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Acknowledgments

This study was conducted under the preliminary experiments of Hetero-3D Mission using the Japanese experiment module “Kibo” on the ISS. Furthermore, this work was conducted using research equipments (G1001, G1011, G1017, G1023, G1039, G1054, and G1055) with the help of the Joint Research Center for Environmentally Conscious Technologies in Materials Science, Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University (JPMXP0723833151). Furthermore, we appreciate Kimura Foundry Co., Ltd. for its financial support. The work done at Nagoya Institute of Technology (NITech) was supported by Adaptable and Seamless Technology Transfer Program through Target-Driven R&D (A-STEP) from Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Grant Number JPMJTR23R3.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan

    Chihiro Hanada, Yuji Mabuchi, Koei Kadoi, Yuto Ueda, Yuta Kushiya, Hirokazu Aoki & Shinsuke Suzuki

  2. Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan

    Ryosei Saguchi, Motoko Yamada, Hisashi Sato & Yoshimi Watanabe

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0016, Japan

    Yuma Harada & Shumpei Ozawa

  4. Henry Monitor Inc., Suwa, Nagano, 392-0012, Japan

    Shizuka Nakano

  5. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan

    Hirohisa Oda, Chihiro Koyama & Takehiko Ishikawa

  6. Advanced Engineering Services (AES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0032, Japan

    Yuki Watanabe

  7. Kagami Memorial Research Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, Shinjuku,Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan

    Shinsuke Suzuki

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  1. Chihiro Hanada
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Appendix

Appendix

See Figures A1 through A3.

Fig. A1
figure 19

Cross-sectional images of sintered sample with 5 mass pct TiC before levitation experiments obtained using SEM

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Fig. A2
figure 20

Composition maps on the cross sections of the electrostatic levitation (ESL) sample obtained using SEM. (a) Sample with 2 mass pct TiC, and (b) sample with 5 mass pct TiC

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Fig. A3
figure 21

Composition maps on the cross sections of the aerodynamic levitation (ADL) sample obtained using SEM. (a) Sample with 2 mass pct TiC, and (b) sample with 5 mass pct TiC

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Hanada, C., Mabuchi, Y., Kadoi, K. et al. Elucidation of Solidification Behavior of Ti–6Al–4V under Convection and a Temperature Gradient Using Levitation Methods. Metall Mater Trans B (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03148-5

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