Abstract
This paper attempts to clarify the necessary elements for describing the non-coaxial behavior of sand in the plasticity framework based on the critical-state soil mechanics. Such sand response to two representative loading types, the monotonic loading with fixed principal stress direction and rotation of principal stress direction, is the main focus. The present constitutive model can be regarded as an extension of the existing platform model for sand considering the inherent anisotropy. A novel non-coaxial flow direction involved in the plastic flow rule is the crucial feature, which is defined as the part of stress increment perpendicular to a reference direction related to the current stress direction through the Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization process. Such incorporation of the effects of the stress increment on the plastic deformation makes the model capture the non-coaxiality for the monotonic loading with fixed principal stress direction. In order to describe the plastic response induced by the pure rotation of principal stress direction, a set of map** rules included in the bounding surface plasticity are formulated to develop plastic flow mechanism in the general multi-axial stress space. Besides, the effects of fabric anisotropy on simulating the non-coaxial plastic behavior are discussed. The results show that the above-mentioned modifications on these model ingredients make the theoretical simulation fit well with test data for Toyoura sand under the foregoing two loading conditions.
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Anisotropic variable
- b :
-
Intermediate principal stress ratio
- e, ec :
-
Void ratio and critical-state void ratio
- f, F :
-
Yield surface and bounding surface
- G :
-
Elastic shear modulus
- g(θ):
-
Interpolation function for the failure stress ratio
- K :
-
Elastic bulk modulus
- HL, HU :
-
Loading plastic modulus and unloading plastic modulus
- M :
-
Internal state variable related to stress history
- Mc, Me :
-
Critical-state stress ratio in triaxial compression and triaxial extension
- Md, Mp :
-
Phase transformation stress ratio and peak stress ratio
- n ij :
-
Loading direction defined in the yield surface
- \(\bar{n}_{ij}\) :
-
Loading direction defined in the bounding surface
- \(n_{ij}^{g}\) :
-
Integrated plastic flow direction
- \(n_{ij}^{gc}\), \(n_{ij}^{gn}\) :
-
Coaxial part and non-coaxial part of the integrated plastic flow direction
- \(n_{p}^{g}\), \(n_{q}^{g}\), \(n_{\theta }^{g}\) :
-
Three components related to the first derivatives of p, q and θ in \(n_{ij}^{gc}\)
- \(n_{ij}^{{{\text{d}}\sigma }}\) :
-
Normalized unit tensor of stress increment tensor
- \(n_{ij}^{\text{non}}\) :
-
Non-coaxial flow direction
- \(\hat{R}\) :
-
Stress ratio related to a modified stress
- R1, R2 :
-
Similarity ratio related to radial map** and stress rate direction map**
- p, \(\bar{p}\) :
-
Mean pressure related to current stress and image stress
- q, \(\bar{q}\) :
-
Equivalent stress related to current stress and image stress
- s ij :
-
Deviatoric stress tensor and image deviatoric stress tensor
- dsij :
-
Deviatoric part of stress increment \({\text{d}}\sigma_{ij}\)
- \({\text{d}}s_{ij}^{\text{non}}\) :
-
Component of dsij along the direction orthogonal to sij
- \(s_{ij}^{p}\) :
-
Principal stress tensor of sij
- \(S_{ij}^{p}\) :
-
Combined stress tensor related to \(s_{ij}^{p}\)
- \(\hat{T}_{ij}\) :
-
Modified stress tensor
- \(\alpha\) :
-
Angle of the major principal stress in relation to orientation of deposition
- \(\beta\) :
-
Angle of the major principal plastic strain increment to the vertical axis
- \(\delta_{ij}\) :
-
Kronecker delta
- \(\Delta\) :
-
Vector magnitude characterizing the fabric anisotropy
- \(\varepsilon_{ij}\), \(\varepsilon_{ij}^{e}\), \(\varepsilon_{ij}^{p}\) :
-
Strain tensor, elastic strain tensor and plastic strain tensor
- \(\varepsilon_{ij}^{pc}\), \(\varepsilon_{ij}^{pn}\) :
-
Coaxial plastic strain tensor and non-coaxial plastic strain tensor
- \(\varepsilon_{z}\), \(\varepsilon_{r}\), \(\varepsilon_{\vartheta }\), \(\varepsilon_{z\vartheta }\) :
-
Axial, radial, circumferential and torsional strains
- \(\theta\), \(\bar{\theta }\), \(\hat{\theta }\) :
-
Lode angle related to current stress, image stress and modified stress
- \(\sigma_{ij}\), \(\bar{\sigma }_{ij}\) :
-
Current stress tensor, image stress tensor
- \(\bar{\sigma }_{ij}^{1}\), \(\bar{\sigma }_{ij}^{2}\) :
-
Radial map** and stress rate direction map**
- \(\sigma_{1}\), \(\sigma_{2}\), \(\sigma_{3}\) :
-
Major, intermediate and minor principal stresses
- \(\sigma_{z}\), \(\sigma_{r}\), \(\sigma_{\vartheta }\), \(\tau_{z\vartheta }\) :
-
Axial, radial, circumferential and torsional stresses
- \(\psi\) :
-
State parameter
- \(\omega_{ij}\) :
-
Projection center related to radial map**
- \(\sigma_{ij} = \left[ {\sigma_{11} \sigma_{33} \sigma_{13} } \right]\left( {i,j = 1,2} \right)\) :
-
Map** from tensor to vector in stress space (\(\sigma_{11}\), \(\sigma_{33}\), \(\sigma_{13}\))
- \(t_{ij}^{\text{non}} \left( {i,j = 1,2} \right)\) :
-
Direction of current stress in stress space (\(\sigma_{11}\), \(\sigma_{33}\), \(\sigma_{13}\))
- \(m_{ij} \left( {{\text{i}},{\text{j}} = 1,2} \right)\) :
-
Direction orthogonal to current stress in stress space (\(\sigma_{11}\), \(\sigma_{33}\), \(\sigma_{13}\))
- \(m_{ij}^{\text{non}} \left( {i,j = 1,2} \right)\) :
-
Non-coaxial flow related to \(m_{ij}\)
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Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51738010) and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0800200).
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Due to \({\text{d}}s_{ij} /s_{ij} = {\text{const}}\), substituting \({\text{d}}s_{ij} = {\text{const}} \cdot s_{ij}\) into Eq. (5) yields
Due to \(S_{ij} = s_{ik} s_{kj} - \frac{2}{3}J_{2} \delta_{ij} - \frac{{3J_{3} }}{{2J_{2} }}s_{ij}\),
Considering that \(\delta_{ij} s_{ij} = 0\), \(J_{2} = \frac{1}{2}s_{ij} s_{ij}\) and \(J_{3} = \frac{1}{3}s_{ij} s_{jk} s_{ki}\), Eq. (44) can be reduced to
As a result, Eq. (7) is proved due to \(s_{ij} S_{ij} = s_{kl} S_{kl} = 0\).
Appendix 2
The corresponding partial derivatives are given as follows
Appendix 3
Given that the integrated plastic flow rule is written as
For the stress-controlled loading condition that \({\text{d}}\sigma_{ij}\) is known, Eq. (25) can be used directly to calculate the plastic loading index. For the strain-controlled loading condition that \({\text{d}}\varepsilon_{ij}\) is given, substituting Eq. (2) and Eq. (49) into Eq. (25) gives
where \(D_{ijkl}^{e}\) is the elastic stiffness tensor, expressed as
Combination of Eqs. (50) and (2) yields
where
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Chen, Z., Huang, M. Non-coaxial behavior modeling of sands subjected to principal stress rotation. Acta Geotech. 15, 655–669 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0760-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0760-4