Abstract
Develo** multifunctional engineered adsorbents is an effective strategy for decontaminating the environment from various pollutants. In this study, a polyfunctionalized carbon-framework composite, MSC-CFM, was synthesized. The composite comprises an aromatic carbon framework enriched with various functional groups, including magnetic nanoparticles, hydroxyl, and amino groups. MSC-CFM was used to decontaminate Cr(VI) and polycyclic aromatic nitrides (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene sulfonate (DAS) and diphenyl-4, 4 ‘-di [sodium (azo-2 -) -1-amino-naphthalene-4-sulfonate] (DANS)) from acidic wastewater. The adsorption capacities of MSC-CFM for Cr(VI), DAS and DANS, quantified using the Langmuir isotherm model, were 161.28, 310.83, and 1566.09 mg/g, respectively. Cr(VI) and PAHs (DAS and DANS) were monolayer adsorbed controlled by chemisorption. MSC-CFM could maintain good adsorption efficiency after up to 6 adsorption and desorption cycles. The presence of polycyclic aromatic nitrides promoted the adsorption of Cr(VI) in the Cr(VI)-DAS/DANS binary systems. Removal of pollutants by MSC-CFM involved a variety of unreported reaction mechanisms, such as electrostatic attraction, redox reaction, anion exchange, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, complexation reaction, π-π interaction, and anion-π interaction. MSC-CFM, enriched with a variety of functional groups, is a promising new material for environmental protection. It has good potential for practical application in treating polluted wastewater.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
References
Alhawas MS, Rafique MI, Ahmad M, Al-Wabel MI, Usman ARA, Al-Swadi HA, Al-Farraj AS (2023) Ball Mill, Humic Acid, and Rock Phosphate-Modified Conocarpus Biochar for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water. Sustainability 15(14):151411474. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411474
Altun T, Ecevit H, Kar Y, Ciftci B (2021) Adsorption of Cr(VI) onto cross-linked chitosan-almond shell biochars: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. J Anal Sci Technol 12(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-021-00288-0
Bashir A, Malik LA, Ahad S, Manzoor T, Bhat MA, Dar GN, Pandith AH (2019) Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous system by ion-exchange and biosorption methods. Environ Chem Lett 17(2):729–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-00828-y
Chen DG, Yu XZ, Song C, Pang XL, Huang J, Li YJ (2016) Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the chemical oxidation stability of bamboo biochar. Bioresour Technol 218:1303–1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.112
Chen YY, Yu SH, Jiang HF, Yao QZ, Fu SQ, Zhou GT (2018) Performance and mechanism of simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Congo red from aqueous solution by hierarchical vaterite spherulites. Appl Surf Sci 444:224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.03.081
Chen B, Zhao HN, Chen SJ, Long FX, Huang B, Yang BQ, Pan XJ (2019) A magnetically recyclable chitosan composite adsorbent functionalized with EDTA for simultaneous capture of anionic dye and heavy metals in complex wastewater. Chem Eng J 356:69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.222
Chin JF, Heng ZW, Teoh HC, Chong WC, Pang YL (2022) Recent development of magnetic biochar crosslinked chitosan on heavy metal removal from wastewater-Modification, application and mechanism. Chemosphere 291:133035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133035
Deng QF, Wei YZ, Liu K, Wu DG, Zhu XY, Xu MY, Bai YS (2024) Essential metals modified the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the metabolic syndrome: Mediation effects of miRNA. Sci Total Environ 906:167506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167506
Ding ZL, Ge Y, Gowd SC, Singh E, Kumar V, Chaurasia D, Kumar V, Rajendran K, Bhargava PC, Wu PC, Lin F, Harirchi S, Kumar VA, Sirohi R, Sindhu R, Binod P, Taherzadeh MJ, Awasthi MK (2023) Production of biochar from tropical fruit tree residues and ecofriendly applications-A review. Bioresour Technol 376:128903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128903
Dong YC, Wen HJ, Bian LR, Wang P (2020) Optimized synthesis of CA/EDTA modified cotton fiber Fe complex as a sustainable hybrid photocatalyst for accelerating simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and azo dye. Cellulose 27(4):2293–2308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02932-w
Eltaweil AS, Mohamed HA, Abd El-Monaem EM, El-Subruiti GM (2020) Mesoporous magnetic biochar composite for enhanced adsorption of malachite green dye: Characterization, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherms. Adv Powder Technol 31(3):1253–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.01.005
Fouda-Mbanga BG, Prabakaran E, Pillay K (2021) Carbohydrate biopolymers, lignin based adsorbents for removal of heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+) from wastewater, regeneration and reuse for spent adsorbents including latent fingerprint detection: A review. Biotechnol Rep (amst) 30:e00609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00609
Gurav R, Bhatia SK, Choi TR, Choi YK, Kim HJ, Song HS, Lee SM, Park SL, Lee HS, Koh J, Jeon JM, Yoon JJ, Yang YH (2021) Application of macroalgal biomass derived biochar and bioelectrochemical system with Shewanella for the adsorptive removal and biodegradation of toxic azo dye. Chemosphere 264:128539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128539
Herath A, Layne CA, Perez F, Hassan EB, Pittman CU, Mlsna TE (2021) KOH-activated high surface area Douglas Fir biochar for adsorbing aqueous Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Cd(II). Chemosphere 269:128409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128409
Huang XX, Liu YG, Liu SB, Tan XF, Ding Y, Zeng GM, Zhou YY, Zhang MM, Wang SF, Zheng BH (2016) Effective removal of Cr(VI) using beta-cyclodextrin-chitosan modified biochars with adsorption/reduction bifuctional roles. RSC Adv 6(1):94–104. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22886g
Huang Y, Yin W, Zhao TL, Liu M, Yao QZ, Zhou GT (2023) Efficient Removal of Congo Red, Methylene Blue and Pb(II) by Hydrochar-MgAlLDH Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Performance and Mechanism. Nanomaterials 13(7):13071145. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071145
Islam MA, Nazal MK, Sajid M, Suliman MA (2024) Adsorptive removal of paracetamol from aqueous media: A review of adsorbent materials, adsorption mechanisms, advancements, and future perspectives. J Mol Liq 396:123976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.123976
Jiang HM, Yang T, Wang YH, Lian HZ, Hu X (2013) Magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental waters. Talanta 116:361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.008
Kayan GO, Kayan A (2021) Composite of Natural Polymers and Their Adsorbent Properties on the Dyes and Heavy Metal Ions. J Polym Environ 29(11):3477–3496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02154-x
Kelm MAP, da Silva MJ, Holanda SHD, de Araujo CMB, de Assis RB, Freitas EJ, dos Santos DR, Sobrinho MAD (2019) Removal of azo dye from water via adsorption on biochar produced by the gasification of wood wastes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(28):28558–28573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3833-x
Lee LY, Gan SY, Tan MSY, Lim SS, Lee XJ, Lam YF (2016) Effective removal of Acid Blue 113 dye using overripe Cucumis sativus peel as an eco-friendly biosorbent from agricultural residue. J Clean Prod 113:194–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.016
Li RH, Wang JJ, Gaston LA, Zhou BY, Li ML, **ao R, Wang Q, Zhang ZQ, Huang H, Liang W, Huang HT, Zhang XF (2018a) An overview of carbothermal synthesis of metal-biochar composites for the removal of oxyanion contaminants from aqueous solution. Carbon 129:674–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.070
Li RH, Wang JJ, Zhang ZQ, Awasthi MK, Du D, Dang PF, Huan Q, Zhang YC, Wang L (2018b) Recovery of phosphate and dissolved organic matter from aqueous solution using a novel CaO-MgO hybrid carbon composite and its feasibility in phosphorus recycling. Sci Total Environ 642:526–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.092
Li XM, Xu JL, Shi JX, Luo XX (2022) Rapid and efficient adsorption of tetracycline from aqueous solution in a wide pH range by using iron and aminoacetic acid sequentially modified hierarchical porous biochar. Bioresour Technol 346:126672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126672
Lin WX, Zhou JL, Sun SY (2023) Cadmium and lead removal by Mg/Fe bimetallic oxide-loaded sludge-derived biochar: batch adsorption, kinetics, and mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28574-x
Liu LC, Sun P, Chen YY, Li XC, Zheng XL (2023) Distinct chromium removal mechanisms by iron-modified biochar under varying pH: Role of iron and chromium speciation. Chemosphere 331:138796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138796
Ma FF, Zhao H, Zheng XD, Zhao BW, Diao JR, Jiang YF (2023a) Enhanced adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solution by amino modification biochar and its adsorption mechanism insight. J Environ Chem Eng 11(3):109747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109747
Ma JQ, Jia NZF, ** HX, Yao SJ, Zhang KF, Kai Y, Wu WL, Wen YZ (2023b) Chitosan induced synthesis of few-layer MoS2/Fe-doped biochar and its dual applications in Cr(VI) removal. Sep Purif Technol 317:123880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123880
Ma Y, Liu WJ, Zhang N, Li YS, Jiang H, Sheng GP (2014) Polyethylenimine modified biochar adsorbent for hexavalent chromium removal from the aqueous solution. Bioresour Technol 169:403–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.014
Ojembarrena FD, Fuente E, Blanco A, Negro C (2024) Cr(VI) removal from fiber cement process waters: a techno-economic assessment. J Water Process Eng 57:17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104594
Peng YR, Luo Y, Li YM et al (2023) Effect of corn pre-puffing on the efficiency of MgO- engineered biochar for phosphorus recovery from livestock wastewater: mechanistic investigations and cost benefit analyses. Biochar 5:26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00212-2
Peng YR, Zhang X, Luo Y, Muhammad A, Yang GP, Tang K H D, Zhang ZQ, Xu Y, Li MH, Cui JT, Li RH (2024) Simultaneous decontamination of phosphorus and bisphenol A from livestock wastewater with boehmite-modified carbon composite Bioresour Technol 394130296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130296
Qian LB, Long Y, Li HY, Wei ZF, Liang C, Liu RL, Chen MF (2023) Unveiling the role of biochar in simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium and trichloroethylene by biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. Sci Total Environ 889:164243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164243
Qu JH, Wang YX, Tian X, Jiang Z, Deng FX, Tao Y, Jiang Q, Wang L, Zhang Y (2021) KOH-activated porous biochar with high specific surface area for adsorptive removal of chromium (VI) and naphthalene from water: Affecting factors, mechanisms and reusability exploration. J Hazard Mater 401:123292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123292
Saber-Samandari S, Saber-Samandari S, Nezafati N, Yahya K (2014) Efficient removal of lead (II) ions and methylene blue from aqueous solution using chitosan/Fe-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite beads. J Environ Manag 146:481–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.08.010
Santhosh C, Daneshvar E, Tripathi KM, Baltrenas P, Kim T, Baltrenaite E, Bhatnagar A (2020) Synthesis and characterization of magnetic biochar adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) and Acid orange 7 dye from aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(26):32874–32887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09275-1
Shen HY, Pan SD, Zhang Y, Huang XL, Gong HX (2012) A new insight on the adsorption mechanism of amino-functionalized nano-Fe3O4 magnetic polymers in Cu(II), Cr(VI) co-existing water system. Chem Eng J 183:180–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.055
Shi SQ, Yang JK, Liang S, Li MY, Gan Q, **ao KK, Hu JP (2018) Enhanced Cr(VI) removal from acidic solutions using biochar modified by Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 particles. Sci Total Environ 628–629:499–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.091
Song JP, Zhang SS, Li GX, Du Q, Yang F (2020) Preparation of montmorillonite modified biochar with various temperatures and their mechanism for Zn ion removal. J Hazard Mater 391:121692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121692
Tan ZX, Yuan SN, Hong MF, Zhang LM, Huang QY (2020) Mechanism of negative surface charge formation on biochar and its effect on the fixation of soil Cd. J Hazard Mater 384:121370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121370
Wu J, Yang JW, Feng P, Huang GH, Xu CH, Lin BF (2020) High-efficiency removal of dyes from wastewater by fully recycling litchi peel biochar. Chemosphere 246:125734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125734
Wu WL, Liu ZH, Azeem M, Guo ZQ, Li RH, Li YG, Peng YR, Ali EF, Wang HL, Wang SS, Rinklebe J, Shaheen SM, Zhang ZQ (2022) Hydroxyapatite tailored hierarchical porous biochar composite immobilized Cd(II) and Pb(II) and mitigated their hazardous effects in contaminated water and soil. J Hazard Mater 437:129330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129330
Yang GX, Jiang H (2014) Amino modification of biochar for enhanced adsorption of copper ions from synthetic wastewater. Water Res 48:396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.050
Yang TT, Xu YM, Huang QQ, Sun YB, Liang XF, Wang L, Qin X, Zhao LJ (2021) Adsorption characteristics and the removal mechanism of two novel Fe-Zn composite modified biochar for Cd(II) in water. Bioresour Technol 333:125078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125078
Yang WL, Lu CY, Liang B, Yin CH, Lei G, Wang BT, Zhou XK, Zhen J, Quan SJ, **g YY (2023) Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution and Adsorption Kinetics of Corn Stalk Biochar. Separations 10(8):10080438. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10080438
Yari M, Rajabi M, Moradi O, Yari A, Asif M, Agarwal S, Gupta VK (2015) Kinetics of the adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by graphene oxide and thiol functionalized graphene oxide. J Mol Liq 209:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.05.022
Yi YQ, Huang ZX, Lu BZ, **an JY, Tsang EP, Cheng W, Fang JZ, Fang ZQ (2020) Magnetic biochar for environmental remediation: A review. Bioresour Technol 298:122468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122468
Yu F, Pan JY, Zhang XC, Bai XT, Ma J (2022) Adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solutions by modified biochar: a review. Environ Chem 19(2):53–81. https://doi.org/10.1071/en22014
Zhang H, Li RH, Zhang ZQ (2022) A versatile EDTA and chitosan bi-functionalized magnetic bamboo biochar for simultaneous removal of methyl orange and heavy metals from complex wastewater. Environ Pollut 293:118517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118517
Zhang H, **ao R, Li RH, Ali A, Chen AL, Zhang ZQ (2020) Enhanced aqueous Cr(VI) removal using chitosan-modified magnetic biochars derived from bamboo residues. Chemosphere 261:127694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127694
Zhang W, Wang HY, Hu XL, Feng HJ, **ong WQ, Guo WB, Zhou JP, Mosa A, Peng YZ (2019) Multicavity triethylenetetramine-chitosan/alginate composite beads for enhanced Cr(VI) removal. J Clean Prod 231:733–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.219
Zhang XY, Tran HN, Liu YA, Yang C, Zhang TW, Guo JQ, Zhu WY, Ahmad M, **ao HN, Song JL (2023) Nitrogen-doped magnetic biochar made with K3 Fe(C2O4)3 to adsorb dyes: Experimental approach and density functional theory modeling. J Clean Prod 383(135527):10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135527
Zheng YQ, Zhu BC, Chen H, You W, Jiang CJ, Yu JG (2017) Hierarchical flower-like nickel(II) oxide microspheres with high adsorption capacity of Congo red in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 504: 688-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.014
Acknowledgements
The research work was partially funded by The Technology Innovation Leading Program of Shaanxi (Program No.2022KXJ-124)
Funding
This work was supported by The Technology Innovation Leading Program of Shaanxi (Program No.2022KXJ-124).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Weilong Wu: Performing the experiments, investigation, analysis, data collection, methodology, and writing the draft manuscript.
Han Zhang: Investigation, analysis, data collection, and writing the original draft of manuscript.
Rong Qian: Investigation and writing the original draft.
Kunru Yu: Investigation & data validation.
Ronghua Li: Scientific Concept, Foundation, Revising, editing, and proof reading for the entire manuscript
Kuok Ho Daniel Tang: Writing – review & editing.
Xuan Wu: Data analysis and visualization.
Zhiqiang Guo: Methodology & data validation.
Cong Shao: Data analysis and visualization.
Feixue Yue: Investigation & data validation.
Zengqiang Zhang: Supervision, conceptualization, research idea, experimental guiding, technical facilities, foundation, review, editing and corresponding author.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Northwest A&F University.
The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent to publish
The participants have consented to the submission of the study to the journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Angeles Blanco
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, W., Zhang, H., Qian, R. et al. A polyfunctionalized carbon framework composite for efficient decontamination of Cr(VI) and polycyclic aromatic nitrides from acidic wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 43323–43338 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34009-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34009-y