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Does tourism market diversification matter for CO2 emissions? evidence from Singapore

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Abstract

This research analyzed the effect of tourism market diversification on Singapore’s CO2 emissions by measuring the level of concentration of source countries in a foreign tourist basket of Singapore using a Herfindahl–Hirschman index. Our results indicated that the index fell over the period 1978–2020, which means the diversification of source countries of Singapore’s foreign tourists increased. By applying the recent bootstrap and quantile ARDL models, we found that tourism market diversification and inward FDI act as stumbling blocks to CO2 emissions. In contrast, economic growth and primary energy consumption increase CO2 emissions. Policy implications are presented and discussed.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author

Notes

  1. TMD has been shown to improve the stability of foreign exchange earnings, reduce the adverse effects of political and geopolitical risks, and allow for a wide variety of tourism purposes (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008; Can and Gozgor 2018; Hailemariam and Ivanovski 2021).

  2. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html

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Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Accounting, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan

    Yi-Ting Peng

  2. Department of Natural Resource Economics, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

    Behnaz Saboori

  3. Trade Promotion Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran

    Omid Ranjbar

  4. Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

    Omid Ranjbar

Authors
  1. Yi-Ting Peng
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  2. Behnaz Saboori
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  3. Omid Ranjbar
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Contributions

Behnaz Saboori conceived the idea and design of the work. Omid Ranjbar and Yi-Ting Peng collected the data, analyzed the model and interpreted the results. All authors provided critical feedback, helped shape the research, discussed the results, and developed the policy implications. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Behnaz Saboori.

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Peng, YT., Saboori, B. & Ranjbar, O. Does tourism market diversification matter for CO2 emissions? evidence from Singapore. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 76016–76025 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27715-6

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