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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) affects DNA integrity and retina structure in zebrafish larvae

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Abstract

Monitoring the potential risk of herbicides in non-target organisms is a crucial issue for environmental safety. 2,4-D is an herbicide of high environmental relevance that has been shown to exert toxic effects to soil and aquatic biota. In the present study, we investigated the possible genotoxic and retinal development effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide in early life stages zebrafish (Danio rerio). Genotoxicity was evaluated by measuring DNA damage using the comet assay and also by the mRNA expression of genes implicated in apoptosis and/or DNA repair. Retinal development toxicity was evaluated with histological approach. The results obtained revealed that 2,4-D alters DNA integrity of zebrafish larvae. Moreover, transcriptomic data showed a significant induction of p-53 and casp-3 genes and a significant decrease of lig-4 in larvae exposed to the highest tested concentration of 2,4-D (0.8 mg/L). This suggested that p-53 gene regulates the process of DNA repair and apoptosis with increased levels of 2,4-D. The histopathological analysis revealed that early exposure to 2,4-D damaged the structure of larvae retina. Overall, this study is the first to report the DNA damage, casp-3, lig-4 and p-53 regulation, as well as the ocular developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,4-D herbicide.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

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Funding

Thanks are due for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017—POCI-01–0145-FEDER-007638), to FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. This work was also supported by funds from the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education (contract number LR02AGR21).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology “LR02AGR21”, ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia

    Sonia Gaaied & Mohamed Banni

  2. Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Miguel Oliveira & Angela Barreto

  3. Department of Pathology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia

    Abdelfattah Zakhama

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  1. Sonia Gaaied
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  2. Miguel Oliveira
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  3. Angela Barreto
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  4. Abdelfattah Zakhama
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  5. Mohamed Banni
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Contributions

[S.G.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. M.O.: supervision, methodology, conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, writing—review and editing. A.B.: methodology, investigation. A.Z.: methodology, resources. M.B.: supervision, methodology, conceptualization, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing].

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Correspondence to Sonia Gaaied.

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Fish embryos and larvae are considered as alternatives to animal testing and therefore are not protected by European animal legislation (Scholz et al. 2008). For the zebrafish, this refers to the stage of 5 dpf (days post fertilization) (Strähle et al. 2012).

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Gaaied, S., Oliveira, M., Barreto, A. et al. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) affects DNA integrity and retina structure in zebrafish larvae. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 85402–85412 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21793-8

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