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Dimethoate residues in Pakistan and mitigation strategies through microbial degradation: a review

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Abstract

Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are used extensively for crop protection worldwide due to their high water solubility and relatively low persistence in the environment compared to other pesticides, such as organochlorines. Dimethoate is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the thio-organophosphate group of OPs. It is applied to cash crops, animal farms, and houses. It has been used in Pakistan since the 1960s, either alone or in a mixture with other OPs or pyrethroids. However, the uncontrolled use of this pesticide has resulted in residual accumulation in water, soil, and tissues of plants via the food chain, causing toxic effects. This review article has compiled and analyzed data reported in the literature between 1998 and 2021 regarding dimethoate residues and their microbial bioremediation. Different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae have shown potential for bioremediation. However, an extensive role of bacteria has been observed compared to other microorganisms. Twenty bacterial, three fungal, and one algal genus with potential for the remediation of dimethoate have been assessed. Active bacterial biodegraders belong to four classes (i) alpha-proteobacteria, (ii) gamma-proteobacteria, (iii) beta-proteobacteria, and (iv) actinobacteria and flavobacteria. Microorganisms, especially bacterial species, are a sustainable technology for dimethoate bioremediation from environmental samples. Yet, new microbial species or consortia should be explored.

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Fig. 1
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adapted from Khan et al. (2020)

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Fig. 7

adapted from Li et al. 2010)

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All data are available in the manuscript in the form of tables.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Dr. Razi-ul-din Siddiqui, Memorial Library (DRSML), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, for providing internet facility and special access to journals content.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Saliha Ahmad, Farooq Hussain Munis & Hassan Javed Chaudhary

  2. Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Evora University, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Evora, Portugal

    Ana Paula Pinto

  3. Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Faisal Ibney Hai

  4. Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545-El Shatby, Aflaton St, Alexandria, Egypt

    Mohamed El-Taher Ibrahim Badawy

  5. Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico

    Refugio Rodriguez Vazquez

  6. Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan

    Tatheer Alam Naqvi

  7. Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan

    Tariq Mahmood

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  1. Saliha Ahmad
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  2. Ana Paula Pinto
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  3. Faisal Ibney Hai
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  9. Hassan Javed Chaudhary
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Contributions

SA wrote and critically revised the first draft; APP, FIH, and MEIB searched the literature and collected the data; RRV and TAN validated the data, reviewed, and edited the text; FHM and TM analyzed the mechanisms and prepared the final draft; HJC conceptualized and supervised the study, validated the data, and reviewed the draft.

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Correspondence to Hassan Javed Chaudhary.

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Ahmad, S., Pinto, A.P., Hai, F.I. et al. Dimethoate residues in Pakistan and mitigation strategies through microbial degradation: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 51367–51383 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20933-4

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