Abstract
In food industry, the characteristics of food substrate could be improved through its bidirectional solid-state fermentation (BSF) by fungi, because the functional components were produced during BSF. Six edible fungi were selected for BSF to study their effects on highland barley properties, such as functional components, antioxidant activity, and texture characteristics. After BSF, the triterpenes content in Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma leucocontextum samples increased by 76.57 and 205.98%, respectively, and the flavonoids content increased by 62.40% (Phellinus igniarius). Protein content in all tests increased significantly, with a maximal increase of 406.11% (P. igniarius). Proportion of indispensable amino acids increased significantly, with the maximum increase of 28.22%. Lysine content increased largest by 437.34% to 3.310 mg/g (Flammulina velutipes). For antioxidant activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the maximal improvement, with an increase of 1268.95%. Low-field NMR results indicated a changed water status of highland barley after fermentation, which could result in changes in texture characteristics of highland barley. Texture analysis showed that the hardness and chewiness of the fermented product decreased markedly especially in Ganoderma lucidum sample with a decrease of 77.96% and 58.60%, respectively. The decrease indicated a significant improvement in the taste of highland barley. The results showed that BSF is an effective technology to increase the quality of highland barley and provide a new direction for the production of functional foods.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11130-024-01166-x/MediaObjects/11130_2024_1166_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11130-024-01166-x/MediaObjects/11130_2024_1166_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11130-024-01166-x/MediaObjects/11130_2024_1166_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11130-024-01166-x/MediaObjects/11130_2024_1166_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11130-024-01166-x/MediaObjects/11130_2024_1166_Fig5_HTML.jpg)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Chilakamarry CR, Mimi Sakinah AM, Zularisam AW, Sirohi R, Khilji IA, Ahmad N, Pandey A (2022) Advances in solid-state fermentation for bioconversion of agricultural wastes to value-added products: opportunities and challenges. Bioresour Technol 343:126065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126065
Jahn LJ, Rekdal VM, Sommer MOA (2023) Microbial foods for improving human and planetary health. Cell 186:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.002
Mazac R, Meinila J, Korkalo L, Jarvio N, Jalava M, Tuomisto HL (2022) Incorporation of novel foods in European diets can reduce global warming potential, water use and land use by over 80%. Nat Food 3:286–293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00489-9
Villacrés E, Cueva P, Díaz M, Rosell CM (2020) Replacing wheat flour with debittered and fermented lupin: effects on bread’s physical and nutritional features. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 75:569–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-020-00844-w
Cebrián M, Ibarruri J (2023) 9-Filamentous fungi processing by solid-state fermentation. In: Mohammad JT, Jorge AF, Ashok P (eds) Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Elsevier, India, pp 251–292
Liu F, Chen Z, Shao J, Wang C, Zhan C (2017) Effect of fermentation on the peptide content, phenolics and antioxidant activity of defatted wheat germ. Food Biosci 20:141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2017.10.002
Wang B, Wang QH, Yang Y, Zhang XW, Wang J, Jia JQ, Wu QY (2023) Bidirectional fermentation of Monascus and Mulberry leaves enhances GABA and pigment contents: establishment of strategy, studies of bioactivity and mechanistic. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2023.2207111
Li MJ, Shan L, Tong LT, Fan B, Liu LY, Sun RQ, Huang YT, Wang FZ, Wang LL (2022) Effect of pearling on composition, microstructure, water migration and cooking quality of highland barley (Hordeum vulgare var. Coeleste linnaeus). Food Chem 395:133581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133581
Zhang K, Yang J, Qiao Z, Cao X, Luo Q, Zhao J, Wang F, Zhang W (2019) As-sessment of beta-glucans, phenols, flavor and volatile profiles of hulless barley wine originating from highland areas of China. Food Chem 293:32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.053
Acar O, Izydorczyk MS, Kletke J, Yazici MA, Ozdemir B, Cakmak I, Koksel H (2020) Effects of roller and hammer milling on the yield and physicochemical properties of fibre-rich fractions from biofortified and non-biofortified hull-less barley. J Cereal Sci 92:102907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102907
Wang K, Yang CC, Dai ZY, Wen ZX, Liu Y, Feng X, Liu Y, Huang W (2022) The flavor profiles of highland barley fermented with different mushroom mycelium. Foods 11:3949. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11243949
Wang Z, Gao T, He Z, Zeng M, Qin F, Chen J (2022) Reduction of off-flavor volatile compounds in okara by fermentation with four edible fungi. LWT-Food Sci Technol 155:112941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112941
Sun Y, Zhang M, Fang Z (2020) Efficient physical extraction of active constituents from edible fungi and their potential bioactivities: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 105:468–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.026
Lu X, Li F, Zhou X, Hu J, Liu P (2022) Biomass, lignocellulolytic enzyme production and lignocellulose degradation patterns by Auricularia auricula during solid state fermentation of corn stalk residues under different pretreatments. Food Chem 384:1322622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132622
Tuomisto HL (2022) Environmental benefits of eating mycoprotein. Nature 605:34–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01125-z
Stoffel F, Santana WD, Gregolon JGN, Kist TBL, Fontana RC, Camassola M (2019) Production of edible mycoprotein using agroindustrial wastes: influence on nutritional, chemical and biological properties. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 58:102227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102227
Hetland G, Johnson E, Lyberg T, Kvalheim G (2011) The mushroom Agaricus Blazei murill elicits medicinal effects on tumor, infection, allergy, and inflammation through its modulation of innate immunity and amelioration of Th1/Th2 imbalance and inflammation. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2011:157015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/157015
Muszyńska B, Grzywacz-Kisielewska A, Kała K, Gdula-Argasińska J (2018) Anti-inflammatory properties of edible mushrooms: a review. Food Chem 243:373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.149
Liu P, Li J, Deng Z (2016) Bio-transformation of agri-food wastes by newly isolated Neurospora crassa and Lactobacillus plantarum for egg production. Poult Sci 95:684–693. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev357
Gmoser R, Fristedt R, Larsson K, Undeland I, Taherzadeh MJ, Lennartsson PR (2020) From stale bread and brewers spent grain to a new food source using edible filamentous fungi. Bioengineered 11:582–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2020.1768694
Civitelli R, Villareal DT, Agnusdei D, Nardi P, Avioli LV, Gennari C (1992) Dietary L-Lysine and calcium-metabolism in humans. Nutrition 8:400–405
Mcgarry KA, Kiel DPJPM (2000) Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Strategies for pre-venting bone loss, avoiding fracture. Postgrad Med 108:79. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2000.09.1.1206
Wu H, Liu H, Ma A, Zhou J, **a X (2022) Synergetic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Rhizopus oryzae on physicochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of whole-grain oats (Avena sativa L) during solid-state fermentation. LWT-Food Sci Technol 154:112687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112687
Egea I, Sánchez-Bel P, Romojaro F, Pretel MT (2010) Six edible wild fruits as potential antioxidant additives or nutritional supplements. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 65:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-010-0159-3
Ritthibut N, Oh SJ, Lim ST (2021) Enhancement of bioactivity of rice bran by solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus strains. LWT-Food Sci Technol 135:110273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110273
Srivastava U, Saini P, Singh A (2024) Synergistic enhancement of iron, folate, and antioxidant properties in pearl millet via RSM-optimized probiotic fermentation with lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Measurement: Food 13:100137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meafoo.2024.100137
He Q, Chen HZ (2015) Comparative study on occurrence characteristics of matrix water in static and gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentations using low-field NMR and MRI. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:9115–9123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9077-4
Hu S, Zhu Q, Ren A, Ge L, He J, Zhao M, He Q (2022) Roles of water in improved production of mycelial biomass and lignocellulose-degrading enzymes by water-supply solid-state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum. J Biosci Bioeng 133:126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.10.006
Bertram HC, Purslow PP, Andersen HJ (2002) Relationship between meat structure, water mobility, and distribution: a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Agric Food Chem 50:824–829. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010738f
Ciampa A, Dell’Abate MT, Masetti O, Valentini M, Sequi P (2010) Seasonal che-mical-physical changes of PGI Pachino cherry tomatoes detected by magnetic res-onance imaging (MRI). Food Chem 122:1253–1260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.078
Hu XH, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li ZF, Li CM, Gu ZB (2022) Impact of celluloses and pectins restrictions on gluten development and water distribution in potato-wheat flour dough. Int J Biol Macromol 206:534–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.150
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (SCKJ-JYRC-2022-68 and 6107230013), the Guidance Foundation, the Sanya Institute of Nan**g Agricultural University (NAUSY-MS17).
Funding
This work was supported by the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (SCKJ-JYRC-2022-68 and 6107230013), the Guidance Foundation, the Sanya Institute of Nan**g Agricultural University (NAUSY-MS17).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Qin He conceptualized the project. Ailiang Jiang developed the methodology. **aolin Zhou, Quanyu Zhu and Taobo **ang conducted formal analysis and investigation. **aolin Zhou and Jieying Wang prepared the original draft of the writing while Gaige Shao and Yueqian Liu reviewed and edited it. Qin He and Ang Ren provided funding for the project, ** Chang provided resources, and Qin He supervised the overall process.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Financial Interests
The authors declare they have no financial interests.
Non-financial Interests
None.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviation: The Abbreviation section was presented as supplementary material.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, X., Wang, J., Shao, G. et al. Bidirectional Solid-State Fermentation of Highland Barley by Edible Fungi to Improve Its Functional Components, Antioxidant Activity and Texture Characteristics. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 79, 308–315 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-024-01166-x
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-024-01166-x