Abstract
Background and aims
As the immobility of inorganic phosphorus (P) in soil, the acquisition of P by sessile plants is limited. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a signal molecule and a metabolite can regulate plants to cope with various stresses. However, whether GABA could contribute to the adaption to low P stress in apple plants remains unclear.
Methods
This study combined different methods to detect the induction of auxin (IAA) synthesis by GABA to improve the tolerance of apple seedlings to low P stress (including growth and development analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance effect, root structure analysis, multiple factorial analysis (MFA), gene expression analysis).
Results
Exogenous GABA improved the growth of apple seedlings under low P conditions, reduced the ROS accumulation, and promoted the photosynthetic capacity. GABA contributed to the root system architecture and the development of mature area of root tips. In addition, the intervention of exogenous GABA interfered with the homeostasis of endogenous IAA and activated the expression of P starvation induction (PSI) gene, leading to the significantly increase of the P uptake in apple plants. Meanwhile, transgenic roots with overexpressing MdGAD1 enhanced the tolerance of apple seedlings to low P stress, improved the root development through regulating IAA signaling pathway, and significantly improved the P uptake of apple seedlings under low P conditions.
Conclusion
All results suggested that GABA could contribute to the adaption of apple seedlings to low P conditions, by decreasing ROS accumulation, maintaining photosynthetic capacity, and increasing IAA level to improve the root development and the P absorption.
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Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ABA :
-
Abscisic acid
- ACC :
-
1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic Acid
- AUX1 :
-
Auxin resistant 1
- CAT :
-
Catalase
- Ci :
-
Intercellular CO2 concentration
- Chl a :
-
Chlorophyll a
- Chl b :
-
Chlorophyll b
- Car :
-
Carotenoids
- Chl t :
-
Total chlorophyll
- DAB :
-
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride
- GABA :
-
γ-Aminobutyric acid
- GAD :
-
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
- Gs :
-
Stomatal conductance
- IAA :
-
3-Indoleacetic acid
- IAA1 :
-
Indole-3-acetic acid inducible 1
- MDA :
-
Malondialdehyde
- NBT :
-
Nitrotetrazolium blue chloride
- POD :
-
Peroxidase
- Pn :
-
Photosynthetic rate
- PT2 :
-
Phosphate transporters 1.4
- PSI :
-
Phosphorus starvation induction
- PHR1 :
-
Phosphate starvation response 1
- PS2 :
-
Phosphate starvation-induced gene 2
- PS3 :
-
Glycerol-3-phosphate transporter 1
- PIN1 :
-
Pin-Formed 1
- PUR :
-
Phosphorus uptake rate
- qRT-PCR :
-
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- ROS :
-
Reactive oxygen species
- REL :
-
Relative electrolyte leakage
- RNS1 :
-
Ribonuclease 1
- SPAD :
-
Relative chlorophyll content
- SOD :
-
Superoxide dismutase
- YUCCA4 :
-
Flavin containing monooxygenase 4
- YUCCA6 :
-
Flavin containing monooxygenase 6
- Tr :
-
Transpiration rate
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This work was supported by Basic Research Plan of Natural Science of Shaanxi Province (2021JM-103) and Shaanxi Major Science and Technology Project (2020zdzx03-01-01).
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**ao Chen: experimental design and implementation, data analysis, manuscript composition. Yuchen Tian, Yuanmei **e, and Yu Liu: help for experimental implementation. Qianwei Liu: help for model construction. Fengwang Ma: support for experimental materials and laboratory apparatus. Wenting Zhang: help for photosynthetic indexes measurement. Cuiying Li: experimental design and implementation, composition and review of manuscript, financial support. All authors approved the final manuscript.
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Chen, X., Tian, Y., **e, Y. et al. GABA responds to low phosphorus stress by interfering with endogenous auxin levels in apple. Plant Soil 490, 435–450 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06088-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06088-2