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Tooth Size Variation in Assemblages of Tremacyllus (Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata): Insights into Geographical Gradients, Systematics, and Sexual Dimorphism

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Abstract

Tooth size variation within fossil assemblages can be associated with intra- or interspecific variation, functional, developmental, and geographical factors, and/or sexual dimorphism. Understanding these sources of variation is necessary to develop diagnoses for fossil mammals, where teeth are usually the most frequent remains. Tremacyllus (Ameghino, 1891) (Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) is a genus of small-sized herbivorous mammals abundant in late Miocene to Pliocene outcrops of southern South America. Its simplified, euhypsodont dentition and size variability have hampered systematics studies and led, for instance, to an overestimation of the number of species. I analyzed tooth size variations within assemblages of Tremacyllus in a quantitative framework to test three hypotheses: (1) magnitudes of size variation are different among tooth loci and assemblages; (2) tooth size follows a geographical pattern within the analyzed sample (Bergmann’s rule), but is also associated with taxonomy; and (3) there is a correlation between size variation and sexual dimorphism reflected in distinguishable subgroups. Results indicate that patterns of variation might be associated with eruption time and/or functional position. Northwestern forms are larger than southwestern-Pampean ones, not conforming to Bergmann’s rule but revealing a strong influence of latitude. Size differences between assemblages agree with dental features that distinguish T. incipiens and T. impressus, allowing expanded species diagnoses. Two size subgroups might reflect sexual dimorphism in the absence of biostratigraphic or morphological differences between them. This interpretation indicates that northwestern specimens referred to T. diminutus should be referred to T. incipiens.

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Acknowledgments

I thank D. Croft, the associate editor, J. Tejada, and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions that improve this study. Also, I thank D.A. García-López for his helpful comments on the first version of this manuscript. The following curators and collection managers kindly allowed access to specimens in their care: P. Ortiz (Colección Paleontología Vertebrados Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina); S. Sabater (Museo Municipal ‘Rincón de Atacama’, Termas de Río Hondo, Santiago del Estero, Argentina); C. Montalvo (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina); A. Kramarz (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’, Buenos Aires, Argentina); and M. Reguero (Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina). I acknowledge G. Esteban, N. Nasif, and R. Bonini for their comments on the paleontological context of the findings. I also thank to M. Ercoli for sharing specimen photographs (FMNH) and M.C. Gallo for dispelling doubts on statistical approaches.

Funding

Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Argentina (APA-Bunge & Born Grants 2017; awarded to M.A. Armella); and Secretaría de Ciencia, Arte e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina (PIUNT 2018 G-626).

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  1. Instituto de Estratigrafía y Geología Sedimentaria Global (IESGLO), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205-T4000JFF, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina

    Matías A. Armella

  2. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INSUGEO-CONICET), Av. Presidente Perón s/n, T4105XAY, Horco Molle, Tucumán, Argentina

    Matías A. Armella

  3. Cátedra de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Av. Belgrano 300, K4700AAP, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina

    Matías A. Armella

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Armella, M.A. Tooth Size Variation in Assemblages of Tremacyllus (Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata): Insights into Geographical Gradients, Systematics, and Sexual Dimorphism. J Mammal Evol 29, 113–128 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-021-09575-4

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