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Characterization of Green ZnO Supported Curcumin Intercalated Bentonite (ZnO@CU/BEN) as Environmental Catalysts for Effective Oxidation of 5-Fluorouracil Residuals: Pathway and Toxicity

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Abstract

Ecofriendly organically modified bentonite based on curcumin-extracted compounds was applied as a catalytic carrier for green ZnO particulates (Zn@CU/BEN). The composite developed was evaluated as a cost-effective, highly efficient, and versatile photocatalyst for improving the oxidation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) residues in water resources. The ZnO@CU/BEN blend, with a dose of 0.5 g/L, exhibits notable catalytic characteristics, leading to the full oxidation of 5-FU at a concentration of 25 mg/L within 80 min. The kinetic assessment reflects the high fitness of the Firs order model with best rate constant value of 0.0156 and quantum yield (ɸ) value of 2.9 × 10–7. Nevertheless, the total reduction in organic carbon (TOC) was identified only after 160 min, indicating the existence of considerable byproducts of intermediates. The secondary compounds that were detected, alongside the establishment of hydroxyl radicals as the crucial oxidizing agent, revealed a degradation path consisting of two steps: hydroxylation and defluorination reactions. The toxicity characteristics of untreated pollutants and their resulting oxidized products were evaluated by measuring the inhibitory effects of the solutions on Vibrio fischeri at various time intervals. The sample that underwent partial oxidation during the first period exhibited a greater degree of toxicity compared to the unprocessed 5-FU. Nevertheless, the sample that underwent treatment for 200 min exhibited noteworthy characteristics of biosafety and non-toxicity. The synergistic effect of bentonite and organo-modified bentonite with curcumin extracts improves both the retention and oxidation activities of green ZnO.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, through the Research Groups Program Grant no. (RGP-1440-0002)(4).

Funding

This work was funded by Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, through the Research Groups Program Grant No. (RGP-1440-0002)(4) 

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Science, Biology Department, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Sarah I. Othman, Haifa E. Alfassam & Haifa A. Alqhtani

  2. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 65211, Egypt

    Marwa H. Shemy

  3. Materials Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt

    Marwa H. Shemy & Mostafa R. Abukhadra

  4. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

    Ahmed A. Allam

  5. Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed A. Allam

  6. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 65211, Egypt

    Mostafa R. Abukhadra

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Contributions

1. Sarah I. Othman: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, Visualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing -original draft, Writing – review & editing,

2. Haifa E. Alfassam: Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing – review & editing.

3. Haifa A. Alqhtani: Methodology, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing—original draft.

4. Marwa H. Shemy: Methodology, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft.

5. Ahmed A. Allam: Data curation, methodology, validation, Writing—original draft, Writing – review & editing.

6. Mostafa R. Abukhadra: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, supervision, Resources, Data curation, Visualization, methodology, validation, Writing—original draft, Writing – review & editing.

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Correspondence to Sarah I. Othman or Mostafa R. Abukhadra.

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Othman, S.I., Alfassam, H.E., Alqhtani, H.A. et al. Characterization of Green ZnO Supported Curcumin Intercalated Bentonite (ZnO@CU/BEN) as Environmental Catalysts for Effective Oxidation of 5-Fluorouracil Residuals: Pathway and Toxicity. J Inorg Organomet Polym (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-024-03094-4

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