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A review on extrusion-based 3D-printed nanogenerators for energy harvesting

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Abstract

Energy harvesting technologies now play a significant role in the successful deployment of self-powered electronic devices. Researchers are working on small-scale energy generators fabricated with nanomaterials to harvest ambient energy. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an efficient method for harvesting mechanical energy and powering battery-less tiny devices for wearable, implantable medical sensing and internet of things (IoT) sensing applications. So far, many fabrication technologies have been discussed in the literature for the fabrication of TENG including traditional micro/nano-fabrication technologies and 3D printing or additive manufacturing technologies. Extrusion-based 3D printing is a reliable approach for develo** a fast, economical and controllable TENG device. This article provides a detailed analysis of recently used material combinations, design and structure formation, and output performance of extrusion-based 3D-printed triboelectric nanogenerators (EB-3DP-TENGs). Also, it presents their latest applications, including powering of electronic devices, silent speech recognition, voice print sensing and gait monitoring. Moreover, it discusses the crucial challenges and approaches used to enhance the performance efficiency of EB-3DP-TENGs. Finally, a visionary roadmap for the future development of EB-3DP-TENGs is provided, which will accelerate research and development.

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Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. b DIW printers for fabricating silicon rubber for triboelectric layer. Reproduced with permission [89] Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. c Printing setup of soft and flexible TENG. Reproduced with permission. [42] Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. d Fabricating elastomeric metal-core and silicone-cu fibres using DIW. Reproduced with permission [90] Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. e TENG fabrication used for the voiceprint recognition. Reproduced with permission. [91] Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. f Experimental setup to develop EB-3DP hierarchical porous structure. Reproduced with permission [92] Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V

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Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. (b) (d) (e) Fabrication of wrinkle shaped silicon elastomer. Reproduced with permission [89] Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. (f) Hollow structure of DIW-TENG for figure bending monitoring. Reproduced with permission [92] Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V. (g) Fabrication of hollow cylindrical structure using DIW. Reproduced with permission [90] Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. (h) Matrix patterned based DIW fabrication of tactile sensor. Reproduced with permission [42] Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V

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Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. (d) (f) Fabrication process and design illustration of FDM-TENG. Reproduced with permission [104] Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. (e) Schematic of printing setup for fabricating IBTENG and the scanning electron microscopy images of PA/Lignin film. Reproduced with permission [105] Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. (g) Process of fabricating FDM-TENG by using polymer pipe-carried mixed 3D printing method. Reproduced with permission [100] Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V

Figure 11

Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V. c Schematic illustrating of fan shape CR-TENG structure. Reproduced with permission [101] Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V. d Photographs of FDM-TENG with folding units displaying bending properties. Reproduced with permission [25] Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. e Images of spring and core oscillator of FDM-TENG made up of black and white PLA. Reproduced with permission [108] Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V. f Schematic diagrams of the fabrication process for the cylinder-shaped FDM-TENG, consisting of body and base parts, and PDMS balls. Reproduced with permission [102] Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V g Structure of the grating disk type FDM-TENG. Reproduced with permission [99] Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V

Figure 12

Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. (b) (c) Reproduced with permission [102] Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V. (f) (g) Reproduced with permission [90] Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V Reproduced with permission [99] Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V. (e) (h) Reproduced with permission [106] Copyright, RCS 2016 (i) Reproduced with permission. [91] Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V

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  1. School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia

    Muhammad Wajahat, Abbas Z. Kouzani, Sui Yang Khoo & M. A. Parvez Mahmud

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Wajahat, M., Kouzani, A.Z., Khoo, S.Y. et al. A review on extrusion-based 3D-printed nanogenerators for energy harvesting. J Mater Sci 57, 140–169 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06637-z

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