SpringerLink
Log in

Grain growth during selective laser melting of a Co–Cr–Mo alloy

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Modes of solidification during selective laser melting (SLM) of metallic alloys, including Co–Cr–Mo alloy, are still not fully understood. This understanding is important in SLM to achieve acceptable properties and part reliability. Using a typical SLM condition and Co–Cr–Mo alloys, microstructures of tracks were characterized in this study. As is commonly observed, solidification starts from epitaxial growth in the boundary of melt track. Cells were found to grow immediately from the melt boundary, without forming a planar zone. This is explained by the growth velocity being sufficiently high that planar growth condition is not favorable. Epitaxial growth has been found to have two possible crystallographic orientations of <100>: either a continuation of the same <100> orientation as in previous track or a change of 90° to another <100> orientation. The selection is in response to scan direction-dependent heat flux direction. The crystal growth direction in relation to heat flux direction also explains that a grain (a group of cells) after epitaxial growth could either stop or continue to the track surface. No equiaxed grains were observed, and this can be explained by the continuation of cellular growth in the whole track.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Milošev I (2012) Volume 55 of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Chapter, 1. In: Djokić SS (ed) Biomedical Applications. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  2. Koutsoukis T, Zinelis S, Eliades G, Al-Wazzan K, Al Rifaily M, Al Jabbari YS (2015) Selective laser melting technique of Co-Cr dental alloys: a review of structure and properties and comparative analysis with other available techniques. J Prosthodont 24:303–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zeng L, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wei B (2015) Effects of repeated firing on the marginal accuracy of Co-Cr co**s fabricated by selective laser melting. J Prosthet Dent 113:135–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Huang Z, Zhang L, Zhu J, Zhang X (2015) Clinical marginal and internal fit of metal ceramic crowns fabricated with a selective laser melting technology. J Prosthet Dent 113:623–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Nesse H, Ulstein DMÅ, Vaage MM, Øilo M (2015) Internal and marginal fit of cobalt-chromium fixed dental prostheses fabricated with 3 different techniques. J Prosthet Dent 114:686–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ren XW, Zeng L, Wei ZM, **n XZ, Wei B (2016) Effects of multiple firings on metal-ceramic bond strength of Co–Cr fabricated by selective laser melting. J Prosthet Dent 115:109–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lu Y, Zhao C, Ren L, Guo S, Gan Y, Yang C, Wu S, Lin J, Huang T, Yang K, Lin J (2016) Preliminary assessment of metal-porcelain bonding strength of CoCrW alloy after 3 wt% Cu addition. Mater Sci Eng C 63:37–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hedberg YS, Qian B, Shen Z, Virtanen S, Wallinder IO (2014) In vitro biocompatibility of CoCrMo dental alloys fabricated by selective laser melting. Dent Mater 30:525–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Yang X, **ang N, Wei B (2014) Effect of fluoride content on ion release from cast and selective laser melding-processed Co-Cr-Mo alloys. J Prosthet Dent 112:1212–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lu Y, Wu S, Gan Y, Li J, Zhao C, Zhuo D, Lin J (2015) Investigation on the microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion behavior of the selective laser melted CoCrW alloy for dental application. Mater Sci Eng 49:517–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Lu Y, Wu S, Gan Y, Zhang S, Guo S, Lina J, Lin J (2016) Microstructure, mechanical property and metal release of as-SLM CoCrW alloy under different solution treatment conditions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 55:179–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Qian B, Saeidi K, Kvetkova L, Lofaj F, **ao C, Shen Z (2015) Defects-tolerant Co-Cr-Mo dental alloys prepared by selective laser melting. Dent Mater 31:1435–1444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kajima Y, Takaichi A, Nakamoto T, Kimura T, Yogo Y, Ashida M, Daoi H, Nomura N, Takahashi H, Hanawa T, Wakabayashi N (2016) Fatigue strength of Co–Cr–Mo alloy clasps prepared by selective laser melting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 59:446–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Haan J, Asseln M, Zivcec M, Eschweiler J, Radermacher R, Broeckmann C (2015) Effect of subsequent hot isostatic pressing on mechanical properties of ASTM F75 alloy produced by selective laser melting. Powder Metall 58:161–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Girardin E, Barucca G, Mengucci P, Fiori F, Bassoli E, Gatto A, Iuliano L, Rutkowski B (2016) Biomedical Co-Cr-Mo components produced by direct metal laser sintering. Mater Today Proc 3:889–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mengucci P, Barucca G, Gatto A, Bassoli E, Denti L, Fiori F, Girardin P, Bastianoni B, Rutkowski B, Czyrska-Filemonowicz A (2016) Effects of thermal treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of a Co–Cr–Mo–W biomedical alloy produced by laser sintering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 60:106–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Liverani E, Fortunato A, Leardini A, Belvedere C, Siegler S, Ceschini L, Ascari A (2016) Fabrication of Co–Cr–Mo endoprosthetic ankle devices by means of Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Mater Des 106:60–68

    Google Scholar 

  18. Limmahakhun S, Oloyede A, Sitthiseripratip K, **ao Y, Yan C (2017) Stiffness and strength tailoring of cobalt chromium graded cellular structures for stress-shielding reduction. Mater Des 114:633–641. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.090

    Google Scholar 

  19. Zhou X, Wang D, Liu X, Zhang D, Qu S, Ma J, London G, Shen Z, Liu W (2015) 3D-imaging of selective laser melting defects in a Co–Cr–Mo alloy by synchrotron radiation micro-CT. Acta Mater 98:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhou X, Li K, Zhang D, Liu X, Maa J, Liu W, Shen Z (2015) Textures formed in a CoCrMo alloy by selective laser melting. J Alloys Compd 631:153–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Takaichi A, Suyalatu T, Nakamoto N, Joko N, Nomura Y, Tsutsumi S, Migita H, Doi S, Kurosu A, Chiba N, Wakabayashi Y, Igarashi Y, Hanawa T (2013) Microstructures and mechanical properties of Co–29Cr–6Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting process for dental applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 21:67–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kruth JP, Dadbakhsh S, Vrancken B, Kempen K, Vleugels J, Humbeeck JV (2016) Chapter 3 Additive manufacturing of metals via selective laser melting: process aspects and material developments. In: Srivatsan TS, Sudarshan TS (eds) Additive manufacturing: innovations, advances, and applications. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 69–99

    Google Scholar 

  23. Basak A, Das S (2016) Epitaxy and microstructure evolution in metal additive manufacturing. Ann Rev Mat Res 46:125–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Collins PC, Brice DA, Samimi P, Ghamarian I, Fraser HL (2016) Microstructural control of additively manufactured metallic materials. Ann Rev Mater Res 46:63–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Cloots M, Uggowitzer PJ, Wegener K (2016) Investigations on the microstructure and crack formation of IN738LC samples processed by selective laser melting using Gaussian and doughnut profiles. Mater Des 89:770–784

    Google Scholar 

  26. Wang D, Song C, Yang Y, Bai Y (2016) Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts. Mater Des 100(2016):291–299

    Google Scholar 

  27. Popovich VA, Borisov EV, Popovich AA, Sufuuarov VS, Masaylo DV, Alzina L (2017) Functionally graded Inconel 718 processed by additive manufacturing: crystallographic texture, anisotropy of microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater Des 114:441–449. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.075

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kou S (2003) Weld metal solidification II: microstructure within grains in welding metallurgy, 2nd edn. Wiley, London, pp 199–215

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rajamaki P (2008) Fusion weld metal solidification: continuum from weld interface to centerline. Ph.D. thesis, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland

  30. Casati R, Lemke J, Vedani M (2016) Microstructure and fracture behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel produced by selective laser melting. J Mater Sci Technol 32:738–744. doi:10.1016/j.jmast2016.06.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Casati R, Lemke JN, Tuissi A, Vedani M (2016) Aging behavior and mechanical performance of 18-Ni 300 steel processed by selective laser melting. Metals 6(9):218. doi:10.3390/met6090218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Garibaldi M, Ashcroft I, Simonelli M, Hague R (2016) Metallurgy of high-silicon steel parts produced using selective laser melting. Acta Mater 110:207–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Chlebus E, Gruber K, Kuźnicka B, Kurzac J, Kurzynowski T (2015) Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 processed by selective laser melting. Mater Sci Eng 639:647–655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Li S, Wei Q, Shi Y, Zhu Z, Zhang D (2015) Microstructure characteristics of Inconel 625 superalloy manufactured by selective laser melting. J Mater Sci Technol 31:946–952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Thijs L, Verhaeghe F, Craeghs T, Humbeeck JV, Kruth JP (2010) A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting. Acta Mater 58:3303–3312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Dilip JJS, Janaki Ram GD, Starr TL, Stucker B (2017) Selective laser melting of HY100 steel: process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties. Addit Manuf 13:49–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Vrancken B, Thijs L, Kruth JP, Van Humbeeck J (2012) Heat treatment of Ti6Al4 V produced by selective laser melting: microstructure and mechanical properties. J Alloys Compd 541:177–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Vrancken B, Thijs L, Kruth JP, Van Humbeeck J (2014) Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel b titanium metallic composite by selective laser melting. Acta Mater 68:150–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Wauthle R, Vrancken B, Beynaerts B, Jorissen K, Schrooten J, Kruth JP, Humbeeck JV (2015) Addit Manuf 5:77–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Cain V, Thijs L, Humbeeck JV, Hooreweder BV, Knutsen R (2015) Crack propagation and fracture toughness of Ti6Al4 V alloy produced by selective laser melting. Addit Manuf 5:68–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Yadroitsev I, Krakhmalev P, Yadroitsava I (2014) Selective laser melting of Ti6Al4 V alloy for biomedical applications: temperature monitoring and microstructural evolution. J Alloys Compd 583:404–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Cloots M, Kunze K, Uggowitzer PJ, Wegener K (2016) Microstructural characteristics of the nickel-based alloy IN738LC and the cobalt-based alloy Mar-M509 produced by selective laser melting. Mater Sci Eng A 658:68–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hedberg YS, Qian B, Shen Z, Virtanen S, Wallinder IO (2014) In vitro biocompatibility of CoCrMo dental alloys fabricated by selective laser melting. Dent Mater 30:525–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Girardin E, Barucca G, Mengucci P, Fiori F, Bassoli E, Gatto A, Iuliano L, Rutkowski B (2016) Biomedical Co-Cr-Mo components produced by direct metal laser melting. Mater Proc 3:889–897

    Google Scholar 

  45. Franco A, Romoli L, Musacchio A (2014) Modelling for predicting seam geometry in laser bean welding of stainless steel. Int J Therm Sci 79:194–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kurz W, Trivedi R (2014) Rapid solidification processing and microstructure formation. Mater Sci Eng A 179(180):46–51

    Google Scholar 

  47. Harrison NJ, Todd I, Mumtaz K (2015) Reduction of micro-cracking in nickel superalloys processed by selective laser melting: a fundamental alloy design approach. Acta Mater 94:59–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Li Y, Gu D (2015) Thermal behavior during selective laser melting of commercially pure titanium powder: numerical simulation and experimental study. Addit Manuf 1–4:99–109

    Google Scholar 

  49. **a M, Gu D, Yu G, Dai D, Chen H (2016) Influence of hatch spacing on the heat mass transfer, thermodynamics and laser processability during additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 alloy. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 109:147–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang W, Yin F, Zhang M, Zhao M, Li Z (2014) Experimental investigation and thermodynamic calculation of the Co-Cr-Mo system. J Phase Equilib Diffus 35:544–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Z. W. Chen, M. A. L. Phan & K. Darvish

Authors
  1. Z. W. Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. A. L. Phan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. Darvish
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Z. W. Chen.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, Z.W., Phan, M.A.L. & Darvish, K. Grain growth during selective laser melting of a Co–Cr–Mo alloy. J Mater Sci 52, 7415–7427 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0975-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0975-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation