Abstract
Analyses of the anti-immigration focus of right-wing populism are regularly inhibited by the conventional terminology employed. The ‘economic argument’ emphasizes competition for economic resources/opportunities/subsidies. The ‘cultural preservation argument’ emphasizes the need to protect a way of life from the threat overwhelmingly posed by ‘others’. And what further hinders comprehension is the motivating dynamic of ‘alienation’, being an unwieldy term referring to an affliction with multiple causes and multiple manifestations. This paper shows that a complex synthesis of marginalizing economic and cultural factors generate a profound state of social disconnectedness that, for contemporary political analysis, merits recognition. By refining the concept of ‘alienation’, this paper shows that the disaffection disproportionately experienced by the core of North American right wing populism is a consequence of the contemporary inability to affirm a traditional conception of ‘us’ in a consumer culture: a condition to be called ‘emporia’. The immigrant ‘other’ as threat is not the elemental cause nor the source of right-wing populist resentment; the immigrant ‘other’ is the means to momentarily confirm an ephemeral and cathartic sense of ‘us’. So as to convey its functioning with respect to identity formation, this conception of a newly reified ‘us’ can be called an ‘exclusion identity’. With a refined conception of alienation, overt contradictions of right-wing populism that are inadequately explained when using the threat-driven ‘economic/cultural preservation’ duality become more intelligible.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Although clearly inclusive of race, anti-immigrationism in the core of right wing populism is not simply a stand-in for racial aversion. If anti-immigrationism were simply a stand-in for racial aversion, the anti-immigration animosity would be historical and thus relatively evenly manifested over time; it would not be in the dramatically heightened state of aversion at present characterized by formalized policies of immigrant exclusion and informal celebrations of public antipathy. Moreover, if anti-immigrationism ‘were’ simply a stand-in for racial aversion domestic racial tensions in the USA would spatially mirror anti-immigration sentiment by overwhelmingly manifesting in the core areas of right-wing populism where there are comparably smaller numbers of racial minorities. Additionally, urban whites would reflect similar levels of race-driven antipathy as rural whites. There is little evidence to support either of these suppositions. At this point in time, this suggests that the ‘immigrant other’ imports specific features to the act of exclusion that race itself is currently unable to fully encompass—and those specific features service an anxiety that is presently acute within the core demographic of right-wing populism.
By its spelling and pronunciation, the term ‘emporia’ is a fusion of existing terms of classical Greek/Latin origin that convey a portion of its meaning, such as ‘emporium’ (a large selection of commodities, in this case the increasingly commodified and alienated identities of an intensifying consumer culture), ‘atopia’ (a society whose lack of territorial borders generates anxiety and disaffection), ‘aporia’ (a useful state of puzzlement or doubt, an amorphous inclination to raise objections), ‘dysphoria’ (a general state of unease/dissatisfaction with life). This term is a creation of the author.
While clearly exposed to the same general systemic alienation as others groups and possessing in fact comparably worse socio-economic circumstances than the white lesser-educated underclass, African-Americans as a group are not equally subject to emporia, and thus do not resort to right-wing populism to address it. This is because emporia is centred on the role of the consumer culture, largely through its mass media. Unlike white male patriarchy, which is slowly being demoted from disproportionate centrality in the long-emerging cosmopolitan and multicultural public sphere (the media), images of successful, prestigious, and reputable blacks are, historically speaking, ‘in ascendance’ in the last half century. Additionally, unlike the white mainstream whose collective identity and metanarrative of purpose has been coopted and dispersed by consumer culture into an ever-changing kaleidoscope of consuming patterns, African-Americans maintain history’s most effective coalescing metanarrative of collective purpose for any peoples: that is ‘liberation’ and/or ‘equality’. The associated geographic expression of their marginalization has resulted in the maintenance and, indeed growth, of discrete cultural traits (i.e. speech, dress, music, etc.) identified explicitly as ‘African-American’, and ironically marketable because of the noncompliant aesthetics they convey to an acquisitive mainstream market. And finally, African-American participation in right-wing populism that envisions the virtuous ‘people’ as white is unlikely when African-Americans and their environments are regularly featured as contemptuous ‘others’.
Like other states of mind, emporia could conceivably be distilled from a battery of refined polls and surveys. Cross-referenced questions would parse out the critical features of emporia’s social disconnectedness (not simply right-wing populist affiliation or a generalized state of ‘alienation’). Survey questions would address the character of extra-economic participation in society, a sense of group beleaguerment and betrayal, the perceived aspirations of their self-designated ethnic/cultural ‘community’, identity attached to place or skills, sense of economic vulnerability and prospects, belief in elemental differences embodied by ethnicity/race, conception of societal progress, particular nostalgia for a lost ‘golden era’ for his/her identity group, presence and intensity of fatalism, type and degree of exposure to mass media, perception of identity-group in mass media, comparative presence and significance of brand loyalties, the existence of long-term cultural grievance and the systemic or antagonist causation of it. And Bakker et al. (2016) assert that those who score low on the personality trait of ‘Agreeableness’ tend to resonate with strident anti-establishment political messaging that services their state of mind. Amongst other interesting filters would be the belief that diversity limits one’s freedom (for this and other potential filters that might also serve for emporia see Akkerman et al., 2014).
References
Abrajano, M., & Singh, S. (2009). Examining the link between issue attitudes and news source: The case of Latinos and immigration reform. Political Behavior, 31, 1–30.
Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslove, A. (2014). How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324–1353.
Allport, G. (1979). The Nature of Prejudice (first published 1954). Cambridge: Perseus Books.
Altman, I., & Low, S. (1992). Place Attachment. New York: Plenum Publishing.
Artz, G. M., & Stone, K. E. (2006). Analyzing the impact of Wal-Mart supercenters on local food store sales. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88, 1296–1303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2006.00948.x
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
Bakker, B. N., Rooduijn, M., & Schumacher, G. (2016). The psychological roots of populist voting: Evidence from the United States, the Netherlands and Germany. European Journal of Political Research, 55(2), 302–320.
Barber, M., & Pope, J. C. (2019). Does party Trump ideology? Disentangling party and ideology in America. American Political Science Review, 113(1), 38–54.
Barlow, J.G. (2002). “Globalism and changes to the Internet.” 5(1): https://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.3310410.0005.105
Bauman, Z. (2007). Consuming life. Malden, MA: Polity.
Berg, J. A. (2009). White public opinion toward un-documented immigrants threat and interpersonal environment. Sociological Perspectives, 52(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2009.52.1.39
Bobo, L. (1999). Prejudice as group position: microfoundations of a sociological approach to racism and race relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 445–472.
Branton, R., Cassese, E. C., Jones, B. S., & Westerland, C. (2011). All along the watchtower: acculturation fear, anti-Latino affect, and immigration. Journal of Politics, 73, 664–679.
Brown, R. B. (1993). Rural community satisfaction and attachment in mass consumer society. Rural Sociology, 58, 387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1993.tb00501.x
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
Caplow, T., Bahr, H. M., Modell, J., & Chadwick, B. A. (1994). Recent social trends in the United States, 1960–1990. Montreal: McGill-Queens Press.
Carney, T. P. (2019). Alienated America: Why some places thrive while others collapse. New York: Harper.
Castells, M. (1983). The city and the grassroots. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 309–328.
Chicago Council on Global Affairs. (2016). Republicans get behind Trump, but not all of his policies. (July). https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/republicans-get-behind-trump-not-all-his-policies
Chicago Council on Global Affairs. (2017). Results of the 2017 Chicago Council Survey of American Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy. (October 2) “What Americans Think about America First.” Chicago, Illinois: https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/what-americans-think-about-america-first
Citrin, J., McClosky, H., Shanks, J. M., & Sniderman, P. M. (1975). Personal and political sources of political alienation. British Journal of Political Science, 5(1), 1–31.
Colling, M. R., Stovall, J., Flaherty, J., Cope, M. R., & Brown, R. B. (2017). From mass consumer society to a society of consumers: Consumption and the experience of community in late modernity. Community Development, 48(4), 460–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2017.1321558
Cova, B. (1997). Community and consumption: Towards a definition of the “linking value” of products or services. European Journal of Marketing, 31, 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569710162380
DelReal, J. A. & Clement, S. (2017). Rural divide. The Washington Post. (June 17). https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/national/rural-america/?utm_term=.51c62612ce6e
de Oliver, M. (2011). Nativism and the obsolescence of grand narrative: Comprehending the quandary of anti-immigration groups in the neoliberal era. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37:7 (August), pp. 977–997.
Denning, M. (1990). The end of mass culture. International Labor and Working Class History, 37, 4–18.
Depp, C. A., Schkade, D. A., Thompson, W. K., & Jeste, D. V. (2010). Age, affective experience, and television use. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(2), 173–178.
Derrida, J. (1988). Limited, Inc. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Economic Policy Institute. (2014). Raising America’s pay: Why it’s our central economic policy challenge by report by Josh Bivens, Elise Gould, Lawrence Mishel, and Heidi Shierholz (June 4): https://www.epi.org/publication/raising-americas-pay/
Ellis, C., & Stimson, J. A. (2012). Ideology in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Espenshade, T. J., & Hempstead, K. (1996). Contemporary American attitudes toward U.S. immigration. International Migration Review, 30(2), 559–576.
Fetzer, J. S. (2000). Public attitudes towards immigration in the United States, France and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fiske, J. (1987). Television culture. London/New York: Routledge.
Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class. New York: Basic Books.
Foster, H. (Ed.). (1983). Anti-aesthetic: Essays on postmodern culture. Wiekliem: Port Townsend.
Freud, S. (1958). Remembering, repeating, and working-through. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 145–150). London: Hogarth Press (Original work published 1914).
Frey, B., Benesch, C., & Stutzer, A. (2007). Does watching TV make us happy? Journal of Economic Psychology, 28(3), 283–313.
Gallup Organization. (2018a). U.S. media trust continues to recover from 2016 low (October) https://news.gallup.com/poll/243665/media-trust-continues-recover-2016-low.aspx
Gallup Organization. (2018b). How personal and community ratings influence trust in media https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/243551/personal-community-ratings-influence-trust-media.aspx?g_source=link_NEWSV9&g_medium=TOPIC&g_campaign=item_&g_content=How%2520Personal%2520and%2520Community%2520Ratings%2520Influence%2520Trust%2520in%2520Media
Gaston, S. (2018). The restoration of a ‘lost’ Britain: How nostalgia becomes a dangerous political force. (September 3) The London School of Economics and Political Science. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2018/09/03/the-restoration-of-a-lost-britain-how-nostalgia-becomes-a-dangerous-political-force/
Gaston, S., & Hilhorst, S. (2017). Nostalgia as a cultural and political force in Britain, France and Germany: At home in one’s past. Demos: https://g8fip1kplyr33r3krz5b97d1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NostalgiaInEuropeReport.pdf
Gauthier, A. H., & Smeeding, T. M. (2003). Time use at older ages: Cross-national differences. Research on Aging, 25(3), 247–274.
Goodhart, D. (2017). The road to somewhere: The populist revolt and the future of politics. London: Hurst & Company.
Green, E. (2009). Who can enter? A multilevel analysis on public support for immigration criteria across 20 European countries. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(1), 41–60.
Green, E. (2017). The death of community and the rise of Trump. The Atlantic, March 5, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/religiously-unaffiliated-white-americans/518340/
Greene, S. (1999). Understanding party identification: A social identity approach. Political Psychology, 20(2), 393–403.
Griffin, R. (2018). Local news is dying, and it’s taking small town America with it. Bloomberg (September 5): https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-05/local-news-is-dying-and-it-s-taking-small-town-america-with-it
Grossmann, M., & Hopkins, D. A. (2016). Asymmetric politics: Ideological Republicans and group interest Democrats. New York: Oxford University Press.
Guvenen, F. (2018). Stagnation in lifetime incomes: An overview of trends and potential causes (February 27) The Hamilton Project of Brookings Institute: https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/stagnation_lifetime_incomes_guvenen_policy_proposal.pdf
Hanson, G. H., Scheve, K. F., & Slaughter, M. J. (2007). Public finance and individual preferences over globalization strategies. Economics and Politics, 19, 1–33.
Harris, P. (2016). Americans’ sense of alienation remains at record high. Poll taken May 31-June 2 among 2,019 adults aged 18+. https://theharrispoll.com/in-the-midst-of-the-contentious-presidential-primary-elections-the-harris-poll-measured-how-alienated-americans-feel-as-part-of-a-long-term-trend-the-last-time-alienation-was-measured-was-in-novemb/
Hartman, T., Newman, B., & Bell, S. (2014). Decoding prejudice toward Hispanics: Group cues and public reactions to threatening immigrant behavior. Political Behavior, 36(1), 143–163.
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Hawkins, K. A. (2010). Venezuela’s Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hjerm, M. (2007). Do numbers really count? Group threat theory revisited. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(8), 1253–1275.
Hood III, M. V., & Morris, I. L. (1998). Give us your tired, your poor,… but make sure they have a green card: The effects of documented and undocumented migrant context on Anglo opinion toward immigration. Political Behavior, 20(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024839032001
Hopkins, D. J. (2015). The upside of accents: Language, skin tone, and attitudes toward immigration. British Journal of Politics, 45(3), 531–557.
Ivarsflaten, E. (2005). Threatened by diversity: Why restrictive asylum and immigration policies appeal to Western Europeans. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 15, 21–45.
Jardina, A. (2019). White identity politics. Cambridge University Press.
Kaszynski, W. (2000). The American highway. McFarland: Jefferson.
Kaufman, E. (2004). The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Kearney, M. S., Hershbein, B. & Jácome, E. (2015). Profiles of change: Employment, earnings, and occupations from 1990–2013 (April 20) The Hamilton Project of Brookings Institute https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/legacy/files/downloads_and_links/worker_profiles_changes_earnings_occupations_1990-2013_FINAL.pdf
Krants-Kent, R., & Stewart, J. (2007). How do older Americans spend their time? Monthly Labor Review Online, 130(5), 8–26.
Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2008). West European politics in the age of globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krugman, H. E., & Hartley, E. L. (1970). Passive learning from television. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 34(2), 184–190.
Lipset, S. M. (1959). Democracy and working-class authoritarianism. American Sociological Review, 24(4), 482–501.
Lyotard, J. (1984). The Postmodern condition: a report on knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Mandel, E. (1975). Late capitalism. London: NLB.
Marx, K. (1932). Economic & philosophic manuscripts of 1844. Translated: by Martin Milligan from the German text, revised by Dirk J. Struik, contained in Marx/Engels, Gesamtausgabe. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Economic-Philosophic-Manuscripts-1844.pdf
Masuoka, N., & Junn, J. (2013). The politics of belonging: race, public opinion, and immigration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mayda, A. M. (2006). Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes toward immigrants. Review of Economics and Statistics, 88, 510–530.
Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No sense of place: The impact of electronic media on social behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mills, C. W. (1951). White collar: The American middle classes. New York.
Morning Consult + Politico Poll. (2019). Table POL11 (p. 262) National Tracking Poll #190318 March 08–10, 2019 March 8-March 10, 2019: https://morningconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/190318_crosstabs_POLITICO_RVs_v1_DK.pdf
Mudde, C. (2004). The populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(3), 541–563.
Muro, M., & Liu, S. (2016). Another Clinton-Trump divide: High-output America vs low-output America. Brookings Institute. (November 29). https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2016/11/29/another-clinton-trump-divide-high-output-america-vs-low-output-america/
Nisbet, R. A. (1962). The quest for community: A study in the ethics of order and freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nye, J. (2002). Globalism versus globalization. The Globalist. (April 15): https://www.theglobalist.com/globalism-versus-globalization/
Oliver, J. E., & Wong, J. (2003). Intergroup prejudice in multiethnic settings. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 567–582.
Oskarson, M. (2007). Social risk, policy dissatisfaction, and political alienation: A comparison of six European countries. The political sociology of the welfare state: Institutions, social cleavages, and orientations. S. Svallfors. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press.
Pew Research Center. (2017a). Most Americans continue to oppose U.S. border wall, doubt Mexico would pay for it. February 24. Survey conducted February 7–12. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/24/most-americans-continue-to-oppose-u-s-border-wall-doubt-mexico-would-pay-for-it/
Pew Research Center. (2017b). In Republicans’ views of a border wall, proximity to Mexico matters. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/08/in-republicans-views-of-a-border-wall-proximity-to-mexico-matters/
Pew Research Center. (2019). Growing share of Republicans say US risks losing its identity if it is too open to foreigners. (July 17). https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/17/growing-share-of-republicans-say-u-s-risks-losing-its-identity-if-it-is-too-open-to-foreigners/
PR Newswire. (2016). Americans’ sense of alienation remains at record high. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/americans-sense-of-alienation-remains-at-record-high-300305687.html
Prakash, N., & Flores, A. (2018). Trump says an unprecedented number of rapes are occurring during the caravan. Our reporter is there and says that’s false. BuzzFeed.News (April 5): https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nidhiprakash/trump-rapists-immigrants
Proshansky, H., Fabian, A., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, 57–83.
Public Religion Research Institute. (2016). Divide over America’s future: 1950 or 2050?: The findings from the 2016 American Values Survey, October 25, 2027 Massachusetts Ave. NW, 3rd Floor Washington D.C. 20036. At: https://www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/PRRI-2016-American-Values-Survey.pdf
Public Religion Research Institute. (2017). PRRI/The Atlantic 2016 White Working Class Survey Total = 3,043 (1,220 Landline, 1,823 Cell phone) September 22 – October 9, 2016. (Published May 9) https://www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2016-White-Working-Class-Topline.pdf
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, (January), pp. 65–78.
Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60(4), 586–611.
Quillian, L. (1996). Group threat and regional change in attitudes toward African-Americans. American Journal of Sociology, 102(3), 816–860.
Quinnipiac. (2018). U.S. voters believe Comey more than Trump, Quinnipiac University National poll finds; support for marijuana hits new high. (April 26). https://poll.qu.edu/search-releases/search-results/release-detail?What=&strArea=6;0;&strTime=28&ReleaseID=2539#Question001
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. London: Plon.
Rogers, A., Castree, N. & Kitchin, R. (2013). A dictionary of human geography. Oxford University Press, published online 2013: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001/acref-9780199599868-e-1402
Rothwell, J. T., & Diego-Rosell, P. (2016). Explaining nationalist political views: The case of Donald Trump (November 2). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2822059 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2822059
Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2012). The ambivalence of populism: Threat and corrective for democracy. Democratization, 19(2), 184–208.
Sanders, B. (2019). Sanders calls for 21st century bill of rights. (June 20) https://berniesanders.com/sanders-calls-for-21st-century-bill-of-rights/
Sassen, S. (1991). The global city: New York, London, and Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sassen, S. (2005). The global city: Introducing a concept. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 11(2), 27–43.
Saul, I. (2018). The uncomfortable truth about who really wants the border wall: Voices from around the country have drowned out Americans living in border communities. Aplus.com (April 8) https://articles.aplus.com/a/border-wall-mexico-
Schaffer, G. (2014). The vision of a nation: Making multiculturalism on British television. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schneider, S. L. (2008). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1), 53–67.
Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Coenders, M. (2002). Ethnic exclusionism in European countries: Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived group threat. European Sociological Review, 18(1), 17–34.
Scheve, K. F., & Slaughter, M. J. (2001). Labor market competition and individual preferences over immigration policy. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83, 133–145.
Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., & Gorodzeisky, A. (2006). The rise of antiforeigner sentiment in European societies, 1988–2000. European Sociological Review, 71, 426–449.
Shearer, C. (2016). The small town-big city split that elected Donald Trump. (November 11). The Brookings Institute: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2016/11/11/the-small-town-big-city-split-that-elected-donald-trump/
Schertzer, R., & Woods, E.T. (2020). #Nationalism: The ethno-nationalist populism of Donald Trump’s Twitter communication. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1713390
Sides, J., & Citrin, J. (2007). European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests, and information. British Journal of Political Science, 37, 477–504.
Simon, R., & Jones, C. (2017). Goodbye, George Bailey: Decline of rural lending crimps small-town business: Banks are closing branches and paring credit in rural America, focusing instead on booming urban markets; it’s ‘like a death sentence’. The Wall Street Journal (December 25). https://www.wsj.com/articles/goodbye-george-bailey-decline-of-rural-lending-crimps-small-town-business-1514219515
Smith, R.M. (1997). Civic ideals: Conflicting visions of citizenship in U.S. history. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Spigel, L. (1992). Make room for TV. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95–110.
Stone, K. E. (1997). Impact of the Wal-Mart phenomenon on rural communities. Increased Understanding of Public Problems and Policies (pp. 189–200). Chicago, IL: Farm Foundation.
Tajfel, H. (1978). Interindividual behavior and intergroup behavior. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 27–45). London: Academic Press.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 94–109). Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
Thompson, K. (2017). What is alienation. ReviseSociology. https://revisesociology.com/2017/08/24/what-is-alienation/
Toffler, A. (1970). Future shock. Bantam Books.
Tuan, Y. (1974). American space. July issue, New York, NY: Chinese Place. Harper’s Magazine.
Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., & Jardina, A. E. (2013). Immigration opposition among U.S. whites: General ethnocentrism or media priming of attitudes about Latinos? Political Psychology, 34, 149–166.
Veblen, T. (2009). The theory of the leisure class: An economic study of institutions. (M. Banta, Trans.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1899).
Vidich, A. J., & Bensman, J. (1958). Small town in mass society. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Weakliem, D. L., & Borch, C. (2006). Alienation in the United States: Uniform or group-specific change? Sociological Forum, 21(3), 415–438.
Wegner, D. M. (1988). Stress and mental control. In S. Fisher & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition, and health (pp. 685–699). Chichester: Wiley.
Wegner, D. M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts. New York: Viking Press.
Wegner, D. M., & Schneider, D. J. (1989). Mental control: The war of the ghosts in the machine. In J. Uleman & J. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended Thought (pp. 287–305). New York: Guilford Press.
Williamson, K. (2016). The Father-Führer. National Review (March 28): https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2016/03/28/father-f-hrer/
World Bank (2018). GDP per capita growth, National accounts, US https://data.worldbank.org
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Oliver, M. Emporia and the Exclusion Identity: Conservative Populist Alienation in the USA and Its Anti-immigrationism. Int J Polit Cult Soc 35, 153–178 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-021-09397-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-021-09397-5