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Spatial assessment of flood vulnerability and waterlogging extent in agricultural lands using RS-GIS and AHP technique—a case study of Patan district Gujarat, India

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Abstract

Assessing and map** flood risks are fundamental tools that significantly contribute to the enhancement of flood management strategies. Identifying areas that are susceptible to floods and devising strategies to reduce the risk of waterlogging is of utmost importance. In the present study, an integrated approach, combining advanced remote sensing technologies, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), was adopted in the Patan district of Gujarat, India, with a coastline spanning over 1600 km, to evaluate the numerous variables that contribute to the risk of flooding and waterlogging. After evaluating the flood conditioning factors and their respective weights using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the results were processed in GIS to accurately delineate areas that are prone to flooding. The results highlighted exceptional precision in identifying vulnerable areas, allowing for a thorough evaluation of the impact severity. The integrated approach yields valuable insights for multi-criteria assessments. The findings indicate that a significant portion of the district’s land, precisely 8.94%, was susceptible to very high- risk of flooding, while 27.76% were classified as high-risk areas. Notably, 35.17% of the region was identified as having a moderate level of risk. Additionally, 20.96% and 7.15% were categorized as low-risk and very low-risk areas, respectively. Overall, the study highlights the need for proactive measures to mitigate the impact of floods on vulnerable communities. The research findings were verified by conducting ground truth and visual assessments using microwave satellite imagery (Sentinel-1). The aim of this validation was to test the accuracy of the study in identifying waterlogged agricultural areas and their extent based on AHP analysis. The ground verification and analysis of satellite images confirmed that the model accurately identified approximately 74% of the area categorized under high and very high flood vulnerability to be waterlogged and flooded. This research can provide valuable assistance to policymakers and authorities responsible for flood management by gathering necessary information about floods, including their intensity and the regions that are most susceptible to their impact. Additionally, it is crucial to implement corrective measures to improve soil drainage in vulnerable areas during heavy rainfall events. Prioritizing the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and improving land use are also crucial for environmental conservation.

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Data availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available at the Copernicus Open Access Hub (https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home), USGS website (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/), NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer/), Soil and Land Use Survey of India field survey data (https://slusi.dacnet.nic.in/), and Bhuvan (https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/) that are cited in this manuscript. The detail of dataset used in the study is given in Table 2.

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Acknowledgements

The Integrated Nutrient Management Division, Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India, is to be thanked by the authors for providing all the facilities and resources needed to conduct this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil and Land Use Survey of India, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India

    Nitin Surendra Singh Gahalod, Kumar Rajeev, Pawan Kumar Pant, Sonam Binjola, Rameshwar Lal Yadav & Rang Lal Meena

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  1. Nitin Surendra Singh Gahalod
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  2. Kumar Rajeev
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  3. Pawan Kumar Pant
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  4. Sonam Binjola
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  5. Rameshwar Lal Yadav
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Contributions

Nitin Surendra Singh Gahalod contributed to the investigation, resources, formal analysis, file validation, data curation, supervision, project administration, and writing—preparation of the first draft; Kumar Rajeev, Pawan Kumar Pant, Sonam Binjola, and Rameshwar Lal Yadav made contributions to validation, software, formal analysis, resources, and writing (review and editing); Rang Lal Meena contributed to resources, project administration, supervision, and visualization. The final manuscript was read and approved by all authors.

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Correspondence to Nitin Surendra Singh Gahalod.

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Gahalod, N.S.S., Rajeev, K., Pant, P.K. et al. Spatial assessment of flood vulnerability and waterlogging extent in agricultural lands using RS-GIS and AHP technique—a case study of Patan district Gujarat, India. Environ Monit Assess 196, 338 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12482-9

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